What is a microbiome test?

Why this value appears in the report

The proportion gives you an initial indication of how well the lactic acid-producing fraction of your gut flora is represented. Because Bifidobacteria make up the largest share of this group, the value often reflects their amount. It complements the individual values in the report and helps you interpret them correctly.

When the proportion is high

A high proportion of the total flora is usually caused by many Bifidobacteria and is considered unremarkable to favorable. It is often observed with a high-fiber diet or after taking corresponding cultures. More rarely, it is caused by strong growth of other members of the group. Looking at the individual species in the report will show you which case applies to you.

When the proportion is low

A low proportion is often observed after antibiotic treatment, with a one-sided diet, and with increasing age. If the lactic acid-producing species are missing, the pH in the colon tends to rise, creating better conditions for undesirable microbes. For many people, diet can influence the level again within a few weeks.

What feeds it

Bifidobacteria thrive on certain fibers: chicory, Jerusalem artichoke, black salsify, onions, leeks, garlic, and bananas provide inulin and related compounds. Oatmeal and whole-grain rye are also well utilized. Fermented foods such as plain yogurt, kefir, and sauerkraut additionally provide live cultures. Start with small portions if you tend to experience bloating, and increase them slowly.

Frequently asked questions

Is Actinobacteria the same as Bifidobacteria?
Not quite. Bifidobacteria are a genus within the phylum Actinobacteria, so they are part of it. Because they make up the largest share of this group in the gut, the two values usually move in parallel. Other members, such as Collinsella, are also part of it but occur in smaller amounts and are assessed separately.

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Why this value appears in the report

The level is considered an indication of the condition of your mucus layer, an important part of the intestinal barrier. In studies, Akkermansia is also frequently observed in connection with glucose and fat metabolism. Because the species responds quickly to diet, its level can be tracked effectively over time.

When the proportion is high

High levels are considered favorable in many people and are frequently observed with a high-fiber diet, weight loss, or longer periods without eating. Very high levels are being discussed: Since the bacterium feeds on mucus, it might consume more of the mucus layer when fiber intake is very low. This question remains open in research.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are frequently described in studies in connection with a low-fiber diet, overweight, metabolic abnormalities, and after antibiotic use. They are considered an indication of a less well-maintained mucus layer. However, a low level on its own says nothing about symptoms and can often be changed through diet within a few weeks.

What feeds it

Polyphenols play a major role here: blueberries, cranberries, pomegranate, dark grapes, green tea, and high-cocoa-content products. Also fiber from oats, flaxseed, chicory, onions, and apples. Fish oil from salmon or herring has also been associated with it. Longer intervals between meals and regular exercise may provide support, while sugar and alcohol tend to have the opposite effect.

Frequently asked questions

Can I simply take Akkermansia as a capsule?
Preparations of this type are now available, usually in an inactivated form. Early studies look promising, but the evidence is still limited, and the products are not available everywhere in Europe. Diet can also influence levels in many people, and this approach has been well studied.

Does Akkermansia break down my mucus layer?
In a well-nourished gut microbiome, this creates a balance. The constant remodeling stimulates the mucous membrane to produce new mucus, helping maintain the layer. The balance becomes a concern only when very little fiber reaches the colon over an extended period. A fiber-rich diet therefore helps keep things in balance.

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Why this value appears in the report

Alistipes shows how extensively your gut processes protein and fat. When its proportion increases, metabolism in the colon shifts away from purely fermenting fiber. In your report, the level helps classify your dietary pattern and is best interpreted together with the butyrate producers.

When the proportion is high

Higher levels are often observed with a protein- and fat-rich, low-fiber diet, as well as after prolonged periods of fasting. In studies of the gut-brain axis, elevated levels appear in some groups, but the findings are inconsistent. A high level is therefore not a diagnosis, but a reason to take a look at the fiber content of your diet.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are considered unremarkable. Alistipes is present only in small numbers in many people, and other genera from the same family perform its functions. A low level often simply indicates a plant-focused diet with moderate amounts of meat and high-fat foods.

What feeds it

This is more about balancing than promoting. If your level is high, shift the balance on your plate: more vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, and less red meat, processed meat, and very high-fat foods. Plant-based protein sources such as lentils, beans, and tofu provide protein and fiber together.

Frequently asked questions

Is a high Alistipes level a sign of stress?
No, that cannot be interpreted that way. Although Alistipes is frequently mentioned in studies on the gut-brain axis, the findings point in different directions. The strongest evidence concerns a diet high in protein and fat. For questions about stress and mood, consulting a doctor is the right course of action.

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Why this value appears in the report

The level shows whether the handoff between lactic acid producers and butyrate producers is working for you. If Anaerostipes is lacking, lactate can accumulate and shift the pH in the colon. In your test results, the genus therefore adds to the picture of your intestinal barrier and your butyrate supply.

When the proportion is high

Higher levels are considered unremarkable to favorable, especially when Bifidobacteria are also well represented. This suggests well-coordinated cross-feeding: lactic acid is processed quickly, and the intestinal lining receives butyrate. A high individual level alone is not the goal; what matters is how it interacts with the other groups in your test results.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are observed after antibiotic use and with a low-fiber diet. Lactic acid from other bacteria is then processed less effectively, and the intestinal lining lacks butyrate. People who have many lactic acid bacteria but little Anaerostipes sometimes notice increased bloating. The level can be interpreted well together with the intestinal pH value.

What feeds it

Combine fiber sources with fermented foods. Oats, barley, psyllium husks, legumes, apples, and onions provide fiber. Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi provide lactic acid bacteria, whose lactate Anaerostipes processes further. Studies show that this combination works better than any individual ingredient. Antibiotics should only be considered after consulting a doctor.

Frequently asked questions

What does cross-feeding in the gut mean?
This means that one bacterium uses another’s waste product as food. Bifidobacteria produce lactic acid from sugar, and Anaerostipes turns it into butyrate. This creates a chain in which nothing is left unused. That is why it is often more beneficial to combine fiber and fermented foods than to rely on just one group.

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Why this value appears in the report

Bacteroides shows how well your gut can handle fiber and protein. Because this genus is so common, it noticeably influences the overall picture of your flora. In the report, it serves as an indication of whether your microbiome is more accustomed to a fiber-rich diet or one rich in meat and fat.

When the proportion is high

High levels are often observed with a diet rich in protein and fat and low in fiber. Bacteroides copes well with this and spreads, while specialized fiber degraders decline. On its own, a high level is not a warning sign. It only becomes interesting in combination with other findings, for example when butyrate-producing bacteria are also low.

When the proportion is low

Low levels mean that an important generalist is missing. Complex plant fibers are then broken down less effectively, and other bacteria have to take over the work. Very low levels are occasionally observed after antibiotics or with a one-sided diet. Whether this matters for you is best determined in the context of your diversity and symptoms.

What feeds it

Bacteroides thrives on variety on the plate. Legumes, whole grains, barley, oats, cabbage vegetables, beetroot, and cooled potatoes or pasta provide the fiber and resistant starch that these bacteria break down. Nuts and seeds complement this well. If you have previously eaten little fiber, increase the amount gradually over two to three weeks and drink enough water.

Frequently asked questions

Is a high Bacteroides level bad?
No, a single value says little. Bacteroides is part of the basic makeup of the large intestine in most people. Higher proportions are mainly associated with a diet rich in fat and protein. The overall picture is more informative: the diversity of your flora and the proportion of bacteria that produce butyrate.

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Why this value appears in the report

The proportion shows how strongly specialists in plant fibers are represented in your gut. Together with Firmicutes, it describes the basic distribution of your gut flora. Because both groups share the available space, one value shifts as soon as the other changes. The proportion is intended as a guide and is not a standalone diagnosis.

When the proportion is high

A high proportion of the total flora is often observed with a fiber-rich, plant-focused diet. On its own, this is unremarkable. Very high levels are sometimes associated with increased gas production because gases are generated when fibers are broken down. Whether a high proportion should be considered beneficial or unfavorable depends on which species within the group predominate.

When the proportion is low

A low proportion means that other phyla predominate. This is often seen with a low-fiber diet high in meat, fat, and sugar. Since this group performs important preliminary work in fiber breakdown, persistently low levels may also leave other bacteria short of nutrients. However, a single measurement says little about this.

What feeds it

This group thrives on plant fibers. Whole grains, legumes, root vegetables, cabbage, fruit with the peel, and nuts provide exactly that. Vary the types regularly, because different fibers promote different species. Increase the amount gradually over two to three weeks so that your gut can adapt, and drink enough water with it.

Frequently asked questions

Do I need more Bacteroidetes or more Firmicutes?
Neither question can be answered in general terms. Both phyla are present in almost everyone, and no ideal ratio has been scientifically established. More informative is whether fiber-degrading species are well represented within the groups. A varied plant-based diet supports both sides at the same time.

Why has my value changed since the last test?
The proportions of the major bacterial phyla respond to your diet within a few days. Medications, infections, stress, and the timing of sample collection also have an impact. Small shifts between two test results are therefore normal. A trend becomes meaningful only when it moves in the same direction over several measurements.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value reflects an often-overlooked function of your gut microbiome and completes the functional picture. It complements diversity and butyrate production, because a broadly based microbiome generally also contains more vitamin producers. It is explicitly not suitable as a substitute for a blood test assessing your vitamin status.

When the level is high

A high value suggests that many vitamin-producing groups are present in your sample. This is considered a sign of an active, diverse microbiome. However, how much of this reaches your body depends on intestinal absorption and cannot be determined from the result. Your actual vitamin status is shown by blood tests.

When the level is low

A low value means that only a few known vitamin-producing groups were detected. This is often associated with low diversity, for example after antibiotic treatment or with a one-sided diet. It does not indicate a deficiency, because you obtain most vitamins from food. If a deficiency is suspected, blood tests can provide more information.

What influences the level

A varied plant-based diet supports these vitamin producers: vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and seeds. Fermented foods such as sauerkraut, kefir, yogurt, and aged cheese additionally provide cultures that produce vitamins themselves. Fiber is the foundation, because without food, these groups barely function. Repeated courses of antibiotics and a very one-sided diet reduce this potential.

Frequently asked questions

Does my gut microbiome meet my vitamin B12 needs?
No, you should not rely on that. Although some gut bacteria produce B12, this happens mainly in the large intestine, where absorption is limited. You meet your needs through food, or, with a purely plant-based diet, through a supplement. Your blood levels—not your stool test—show how well supplied you are.

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Why this value appears in the report

Diversity helps put your results into context before you look at the individual values. It shows how broadly your gut is structured and how well it can absorb disruptions. Low diversity is frequently observed in studies among people with a one-sided diet, after antibiotic treatment, and in various chronic conditions.

When the level is high

A high value indicates a broadly structured microbiome with many species and no single species becoming overwhelmingly dominant. This is considered robust: fiber is utilized in diverse ways, and disruptions can be better compensated for. Very high values are not in themselves a seal of quality, but they are often observed in people who eat a plant-rich, varied diet.

When the level is low

A low value means that only a few species dominate the gut. This is often observed with a one-sided or highly processed diet, as well as after antibiotics, with little physical activity, and during prolonged stress. The gut then reacts more sensitively to disruptions. Diversity can generally be rebuilt over weeks to months.

What influences the level

Diversity on your plate creates diversity in your gut. As a rule of thumb, eat as many different plant-based foods as possible each week, including vegetables, fruit, legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and herbs. Fermented foods such as sauerkraut or kefir are a good addition. Regular exercise, time outdoors, good sleep, and moderate alcohol consumption are also beneficial.

Frequently asked questions

How quickly will my bacterial diversity increase again?
Initial changes can appear after just a few days of dietary changes. However, it usually takes weeks to months for diversity to become stable, and sometimes longer after antibiotic therapy. What matters is less a short-term regimen than a consistently varied, plant-focused diet. Small steps taken over a long period have a greater effect than brief, strict phases.

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Why this value appears in the report

Bifidobacteria are considered indicators of a well-nourished gut flora. They respond sensitively to diet, medication, and stress and therefore shift early. Their proportion in the results indicates how well your fiber intake is being utilized and whether your gut environment is more acidic and stable.

When the proportion is high

High levels are considered unproblematic and are usually regarded as a sign of a fiber-rich diet. People who regularly eat fermented or probiotic products often have levels in the upper range. They generally do not cause symptoms. Only if severe bloating occurs at the same time is it worth looking at the total amount of fermentable foods.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are frequently observed after taking antibiotics, with a low-fiber diet, during periods of high stress, and with increasing age. The intestinal pH value often rises as well. This is not a diagnosis, but a reason to calmly review your fiber intake and the regularity of your meals.

What feeds it

Bifidobacteria thrive on soluble fiber. Good choices include oats, chicory, Jerusalem artichokes, black salsify, onions, leeks, garlic, green bananas, flaxseeds, and legumes. Cooled cooked potatoes and pasta also provide resistant starch. Fermented foods such as plain yogurt, kefir, and mild sauerkraut contain live cultures. Increase your fiber intake slowly over two to three weeks.

Frequently asked questions

Is it enough to simply eat yogurt?
Yogurt provides live cultures, but they usually remain in the gut only temporarily. Bifidobacteria multiply sustainably mainly when they have food. The key is therefore the combination: fermented foods plus plenty of plant fibers from vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, distributed well throughout the day.

Why are my levels so low after taking antibiotics?
Antibiotics affect beneficial inhabitants as well as the target pathogens. Bifidobacteria are among the more sensitive groups. After treatment, rebuilding often takes several weeks to months. A fiber-rich diet and fermented foods support this phase, and a second test after about three months shows the development.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value is a sensitive indicator of the fat content of your diet, especially animal fats. Bilophila responds to a dietary change within just a few days. In the report, it helps assess whether the diet is shifting the environment in the colon toward sulfur metabolism. This pattern is often associated with low plant-fiber intake.

When the proportion is elevated

Elevated levels are frequently observed in studies among people whose diets are very high in fat and meat, especially animal fat. People often also report particularly foul-smelling flatulence and sluggish bowel movements. A high value describes a dietary pattern, not a diagnosis. It is a good reason to consciously monitor fat sources and fiber for a while.

When the proportion is low

A low proportion is considered unremarkable and is usually consistent with a moderately low-fat, plant-focused diet. Bilophila then remains a minor player, and bile acids are mostly reabsorbed in the small intestine. A low value does not need to be changed and is not a sign of a lack of beneficial bacteria.

What you can do

Bilophila can be reduced primarily by improving fat quality. Less sausage, cream, butter, and fried foods, and instead moderate amounts of olive oil, nuts, and oily fish. Legumes, oats, vegetables, and fruit provide fiber that supports competing bacteria. Regular meals and physical activity support bile flow. The bacterium is favored by a consistently very high-fat diet.

Frequently asked questions

Do I have to completely avoid fat now?
No. Fat is an important nutrient, and the body needs bile acids for digestion. It’s about quantity and quality: fewer highly processed animal fats, and more plant oils, nuts, and seeds. More important than radical restriction is usually increasing fiber intake at the same time, so that fiber-fermenting bacteria have more food again.

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Why this value appears in the report

The result provides information about what lives in your gut. Because Blastocystis occurs in many people without symptoms, a positive result by itself is not a finding requiring urgent action. Only together with your symptoms, the diversity of your gut microbiome, and the other results can it be assessed whether it plays any role at all.

When the proportion is elevated

A clear positive result indicates colonization, and nothing more at first. Some people report abdominal pain, bloating, or alternating bowel movements, while many others notice nothing. Studies even find it more often in people with diverse, plant-based gut microbiomes. New or persistent symptoms, weight loss, or blood in the stool should be evaluated by a medical professional.

When the proportion is low

A negative result means that the single-celled organism was not found in this sample. This is an unremarkable result and requires no action. Because shedding varies, a single sample can also miss colonization. If unexplained symptoms persist, a second sample taken on another day is therefore sometimes tested.

What you can do

It is usually acquired through drinking water, unwashed fruit and vegetables, or inadequate hand hygiene, often while traveling. Preventive measures include clean water, thorough washing of fruit and vegetables, and washing your hands before eating. In the absence of symptoms, treatment is generally not indicated and remains a medical decision. A varied, fiber-rich diet strengthens competition in the gut.

Frequently asked questions

Is treatment necessary if the test result is positive?
When there are no symptoms, the commonly accepted answer today is no. Blastocystis is found in a large proportion of healthy people, often for years. Treatment attempts are not always successful and can cause side effects of their own. If symptoms persist, medical professionals first investigate other explanations before considering the single-celled organism.

Can I pass on this single-celled organism?
Blastocystis is transmitted via the fecal–oral route and through contaminated water. As a result, multiple carriers are sometimes found within the same household. Careful handwashing after using the toilet and before eating reduces transmission. Since many carriers remain symptom-free, routine screening of contacts is generally not recommended.

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Why this value appears in the report

Blautia is a good indicator of the basic stability of your microbiota. Because the genus produces acetate and consumes fermentation gases, it contributes in the background in several ways. In your report, the value helps assess whether cooperation between fiber-degrading bacteria and butyrate producers is running smoothly.

When the proportion is high

Higher levels are generally considered unremarkable to favorable and are often observed with a varied, high-fiber diet. Blautia does not displace other beneficial groups; rather, it supports them. A very high individual value says little on its own. What matters is its relationship to the other groups in your report.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are observed after antibiotic use, with a very one-sided diet, and with low fiber intake. In that case, acetate is lacking as an intermediate product, and butyrate producers lose some of their starting materials. Persistent stress and little physical activity have also been linked to lower levels in studies.

What feeds it

Blautia thrives on a variety of plant fibers. Oats, whole grains, legumes, apples, berries, onions, leeks, and root vegetables provide suitable sugars and fibers. Fermented foods such as sauerkraut and yogurt also fit well. Regular exercise and consistent mealtimes further support a stable microbiota.

Frequently asked questions

Does Blautia have anything to do with my weight?
Studies more often observe a higher proportion of Blautia in people with lower body weight and more favorable blood sugar levels. It is unclear whether the bacteria cause this or are merely the result of a high-fiber diet. The value is therefore useful as an indication, not as an explanation for your weight.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value shows whether your gut flora is functioning effectively, rather than merely looking good in terms of numbers. Low butyrate production is frequently observed in studies among people with low-fiber diets and inflammatory bowel symptoms. Together with the pH value, it gives you an indication of how actively fiber is being fermented in your colon.

When the level is high

A high value indicates that your gut flora contains plenty of butyrate-producing bacteria. The intestinal lining is then well supplied with energy, and the environment remains slightly acidic. This is considered a favorable sign and is often observed with a diet rich in fiber and plants. A high value is not a free pass, but it is a solid foundation for your intestinal environment.

When the level is low

A low value means that only a few butyrate-producing bacteria were detected. This is often associated with a low-fiber diet, antibiotic treatment, or limited plant diversity. The intestinal lining then lacks its preferred fuel. However, butyrate producers respond well to nourishment: increasing fiber often has an effect after just a few weeks.

What influences the level

Butyrate-producing bacteria like resistant starch and soluble fiber. Good sources include cooled cooked potatoes, rice, and pasta, as well as oats, barley, legumes, green bananas, flaxseed, and alliums. Berries and nuts also provide nourishment. Regularity is more important than individual weeks of increased fiber intake. Increase the amount slowly so your gut can adjust to the stronger fermentation.

Frequently asked questions

Does taking butyrate in capsule form help?
Capsules deliver butyrate directly, but often not where it is needed, because some of it is absorbed higher up in the digestive tract. A more sustainable approach is to feed the bacteria that produce it locally. Fiber and resistant starch from ordinary foods reliably reach the colon. It is best to decide about supplements with medical guidance.

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Why this value appears in the report

The result shows whether these specialized fiber degraders are present in your intestine. They break down plant fibers that many other species cannot process, thereby expanding butyrate production. Because the genus rarely occurs in large amounts in humans, the result is mainly interpreted in conjunction with the other butyrate producers.

When the proportion is high

High levels are unusual in humans and are most often observed with a very high-fiber, plant-based diet. They are considered unremarkable because the genus produces butyrate and breaks down difficult-to-access fibers. No adverse effects at high levels have been described. Symptoms cannot be inferred from this.

When the proportion is low

Low or undetectable levels are normal in humans, because this genus makes up only a small part of the gut microbiota here. Therefore, a failure to detect it is not a warning sign. It is more meaningful to consider how well the more common butyrate producers are represented in your result and how diverse your gut microbiota is overall.

What feeds it

This genus feeds on tough plant fibers. Structured vegetables such as cabbage, fennel, leeks, celery, and carrots, along with whole grains, legumes, nuts, and flaxseeds, provide suitable material. Eat fruit and vegetables with the peel whenever possible and vary the types frequently. Finely ground, highly processed products, on the other hand, provide this group with very little nourishment.

Frequently asked questions

Why is Butyrivibrio mainly known from livestock farming?
The genus was discovered in the rumen of cattle and sheep and studied extensively there because it plays a major role in breaking down grass. It is also found in the human intestine, but in significantly smaller amounts. Therefore, many descriptions come from animal research and cannot be transferred directly to humans.

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Why this value appears in the report

The result shows whether yeasts are detectable in the stool and, if so, to what extent. It becomes meaningful in combination with other findings: a high fungal count alongside low levels of protective bacteria and a high pH suggests a disrupted environment. Considered in isolation, however, yeasts are detected in many people without symptoms and this is not a reason for overreaction.

When the proportion is elevated

Higher counts are observed more often after antibiotic treatment, with a very high-sugar diet, during corticosteroid use, and when the immune system is weakened. Some people report bloating, sugar cravings, or recurring mucosal symptoms at the same time; a definite connection has not been scientifically established. The number alone does not constitute a diagnosis. Persistent symptoms should be medically evaluated.

When the proportion is low

A low level or no detection means that yeasts play little role in the stool sample examined. This is an unremarkable finding and requires no action. Because fungi are unevenly distributed in stool, a single sample may also miss them. If symptoms persist, the clinical picture therefore matters more than the number alone.

What you can do

Yeast growth is promoted by large amounts of free sugar, white flour, alcohol, and frequent snacking, as well as by antibiotics, which reduce bacterial competition. It can mainly be curbed indirectly: less sugar; more vegetables, legumes, and whole grains; fermented foods; and regular meal breaks. Strict elimination diets without fruit and grains are not necessary for this.

Frequently asked questions

Do I need to go on a Candida diet now?
The classic Candida diet, which involves almost completely avoiding sugar, fruit, and grains, is not well supported by scientific evidence; convincing studies are still lacking. The moderate approach has been better studied: significantly less free sugar and alcohol, along with greater plant diversity. This supports the bacteria that keep yeasts in check.

Is detecting fungi in the stool automatically a sign of disease?
No. Candida albicans can be found in the stool of a large proportion of healthy people without causing any symptoms. The idea of a widespread intestinal fungal epidemic is not supported by scientific evidence. Your result is therefore always interpreted together with your symptoms and the rest of your microbiota profile. That does not make it worthless; it simply needs context.

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Why this value appears in the report

Reporting them separately shows whether yeasts are present at all and which group predominates. Species identification is important for medical decisions because the species differ in their susceptibility. For you as the reader, the value mainly indicates the condition of the environment in which yeasts thrive.

When the proportion is elevated

Higher counts are interpreted similarly to Candida albicans: They are more common after antibiotics, with a sugar-rich diet, and when immune defenses are weakened. A high value alone is not a diagnosis. If persistent symptoms occur at the same time or there is an immune deficiency, the result should be medically evaluated, because the exact species then matters.

When the proportion is low

No detection or only low levels is an unremarkable result. Yeasts do not need to be present in the intestines, and their absence is not a deficiency. Since fungi are unevenly distributed in stool, a single sample may also miss them. If symptoms persist, repeating the test is more useful than taking action without a clear indication.

What you can do

As with all yeasts, high amounts of free sugar, white flour, alcohol, and frequent snacking promote their growth, as do antibiotics and a depleted bacterial flora. A varied selection of vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and fermented foods, along with clear breaks between meals, can be beneficial. The aim is to create an environment in which bacteria compete with yeasts for space and food.

Frequently asked questions

Are these species worse than Candida albicans?
Not necessarily. In the intestines of a person without symptoms, they are also considered normal inhabitants. A difference becomes apparent only in infections requiring treatment: Some species respond less well to certain antifungal medications, which is why precise identification then becomes important. This decision is made by medical professionals and not by the stool test result alone.

Why isn’t a single species listed here?
In laboratories, yeasts other than Candida albicans are often grouped together because precise species identification is more laborious and rarely changes anything in everyday practice. If treatment is being considered, the species can be identified specifically afterward. To assess your gut environment, the grouped result together with the other values is sufficient.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value shows whether this rare, slow-growing species is detectable in your case at all. Because its presence is strongly influenced by heredity, it is less easily affected by diet than other genera. In the report, it serves as one component of the overall picture of your metabolism-related microbiome.

When the proportion is high

Higher levels are more frequently observed in studies among people with lower body weight and favorable blood lipid levels. Whether the species contributes to this or whether both are inherited together remains unclear. A high value is not considered undesirable. There is no target range you need to aim for with this species either.

When the proportion is low

Low or undetectable levels are common and not concerning on their own. Christensenella minuta occurs in only very small numbers in many people, and detection also depends on the sensitivity of the method. Because the predisposition is partly innate, a low value cannot be changed at will.

What feeds it

This species can hardly be fed directly because its presence is strongly influenced by heredity. In studies, it appears to benefit from a fiber-rich, plant-focused diet containing whole grains, legumes, nuts, and vegetables, as well as high overall dietary diversity. Do not expect rapid changes, and do not use this value as a measure of your diet’s success.

Frequently asked questions

Can I deliberately increase Christensenella?
Only to a limited extent. Its presence is substantially influenced by heredity, as twin studies clearly show. A fiber-rich, varied diet creates favorable conditions but does not guarantee detection. If this species is absent in your case, that is not a deficiency you need to correct and does not indicate a problem.

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Why this value appears in the report

The Citrobacter value is one of the indicators of how resilient your gut flora is. As long as the beneficial bacteria are densely established, this genus remains small. If it increases, there has often been available space recently. The value is therefore never read in isolation, but together with bacterial diversity and the ratio of beneficial to potentially harmful bacteria.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated value is typically observed after antibiotics, following a gastrointestinal infection, or with a very one-sided diet. Symptoms are not necessarily present; many people notice nothing. It is advisable to deliberately nourish the beneficial flora for several weeks and check the value again during a follow-up test.

When the proportion is low

A low value or no detection is unremarkable and requires no action. Citrobacter is one of the minor inhabitants of the gut, not part of its basic flora. If the genus is absent, this rather suggests that the beneficial bacteria are filling the available space effectively and that the intestinal environment is stable.

What you can do

Citrobacter gains a foothold when rapidly available sugars are abundant and fiber is lacking. Frequent antibiotic treatment also promotes this genus. Conversely, bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids suppress it. Feed them with chicory, onions, leeks, Jerusalem artichokes, oats, and legumes. A daily spoonful of flaxseed and regular exercise round this out.

Frequently asked questions

Do I need to take anything if my Citrobacter level is elevated?
Generally, no. An elevated value is an indication of the intestinal environment, not an instruction to seek treatment. The most effective approach is through diet: more plant-based variety, less sugar, and regular meals. Medication should be considered only after medical evaluation and when appropriate symptoms are present, not solely because of a laboratory result.

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Why this value appears in the report

Unlike the other bacteria in this group, Clostridioides difficile is not interpreted merely as an indicator of the gut environment. A positive result should be medically assessed, especially if toxins were also detected or if you have taken antibiotics in recent weeks. That is why this bacterium is always listed separately in the report and given its own assessment.

When the proportion is elevated

A positive finding or an elevated value is a clear signal to seek medical advice. This is not an emergency and no reason to panic: many positive findings concern people without any symptoms, and toxin-negative results are usually classified as colonization. What matters is that a doctor assesses the result together with your symptoms.

When the proportion is low

No detection is the normal and expected result. It means that the bacterium was not present, or was present below the detection limit, at the time of sampling. This is not a guarantee for the future, because the situation can change after antibiotic treatment. For now, a negative result is simply unremarkable.

What you can do

This bacterium mainly gains ground when antibiotics thin out the rest of the flora; hospital stays and older age are also frequently associated with it. A dense, diverse gut flora can help prevent this: eat plenty of vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fermented foods. Take antibiotics only when prescribed by a doctor. If the finding is confirmed, only the treating practice should decide what to do next.

Frequently asked questions

My test result shows C. difficile. What should I do now?
Take the result to your primary care practice and explain whether you have any symptoms and whether you have taken antibiotics recently. The practice can clarify whether toxins were detected and whether further tests would be useful. Until then: eat normally, drink plenty of fluids, and do not self-treat with medication.

I have the bacterium, but no symptoms at all. Is that possible?
Yes, that can happen. Some people carry Clostridioides difficile silently in their gut without noticing anything. Findings without toxins are usually classified as simple colonization. Nevertheless, it is worth discussing this with a doctor so that your result can be assessed in the context of your medical history.

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Why this value appears in the report

The clostridia total is a practical indicator of how much undigested protein reaches the large intestine. When the proportion increases, this often points to a meat-heavy or low-fiber diet. Together with the pH value and the butyrate producers, it provides an indication of whether putrefaction or fermentation predominates in the intestine.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated group value is often observed with a high-protein, low-fiber diet, as well as after antibiotics. Some people then report foul-smelling flatulence or alternating bowel movements. The value alone is not a diagnosis. Rather, it invites you to review your diet over the past few weeks and add more plant-based dietary fiber.

When the proportion is low

A low value is generally considered unremarkable for this aggregate group. However, because beneficial butyrate producers are also counted among the clostridia, a very low result may indicate that overall diversity is low. It is then worthwhile to look at the other values in the report, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and bacterial diversity.

What you can do

The burdensome side of the group is promoted by large portions of meat, lots of processed meat, little vegetables, and prolonged sitting. It can be reduced by spreading protein across several small portions and adding plant sources such as lentils or chickpeas. Cooked and then cooled potatoes, oats, and barley provide resistant starch, which gives beneficial clostridia an advantage.

Frequently asked questions

Are clostridia always harmful?
No. The name refers to a group with very different members. Some are among the most important butyrate producers in the large intestine and are considered particularly beneficial. Only part of the group extensively breaks down protein and produces substances considered burdensome. The aggregate value in the report does not distinguish between these aspects.

Is the value related to Clostridioides difficile?
Only marginally. Clostridioides difficile is examined and reported separately because this bacterium is assessed differently from the rest of the group. An elevated aggregate value for Clostridium species says nothing about whether C. difficile is present. It is best to read both results independently.

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Why this value appears in the report

Collinsella responds significantly to the ratio of starch and sugar to fiber in your diet. The value is therefore useful as feedback on your eating pattern. Because the genus has been assessed inconsistently in studies, it is best interpreted together with the fiber metabolizers and your bacterial diversity.

When the proportion is high

Elevated levels are more often observed with a low-fiber diet high in starch and sugar. Some studies found them alongside unfavorable blood lipid levels, while others did not. A high level is therefore not a finding in itself, but a reason to examine the amount of whole grains, vegetables, and legumes on your plate.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are considered unremarkable and are often observed with a high-fiber diet. Collinsella is not a keystone bacterium whose absence leaves a gap. Only when Bifidobacteria and other Actinobacteria are also very low is it worth looking at past antibiotic use and your diet.

What feeds it

Here, the focus is usually on reducing it rather than promoting it. A higher fiber intake reliably lowers Collinsella in studies: whole grains instead of refined flour, legumes, vegetables with every meal, and fruit instead of sweets. Polyphenol-rich foods such as berries, olive oil, and green tea also fit the picture well.

Frequently asked questions

My Collinsella level is elevated. What does that mean?
This usually means that a lot of starch and sugar, and comparatively little fiber, is reaching your colon. The genus grows well under these conditions. Whether a high level has any further significance is disputed in studies. In practical terms, the value mainly provides feedback on your eating pattern.

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Why this value appears in the report

Coprococcus complements the picture of your butyrate production alongside better-known genera. Because it depends on plant fibers, its level reflects your fiber intake relatively directly. In the report, the genus also serves as a proxy for the bacteria most frequently studied in research on the gut-brain axis.

When the proportion is high

Higher levels are generally observed with a fiber-rich, varied diet and are considered unremarkable. They suggest that sufficient substrate is reaching the colon and that butyrate production is taking place. There is no target level you need to aim for. It is more informative to assess whether several butyrate-producing bacteria are well represented at the same time.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are often observed with a low-fiber diet, after taking antibiotics, and with little physical activity. In studies on the gut-brain axis, lower levels were also found in groups experiencing psychological distress. Nothing can be inferred from this for you personally. A low level is primarily a signal to increase the variety of fiber on your plate.

What feeds it

Coprococcus feeds on plant fibers. Oats, barley, whole-grain bread, legumes, apples, berries, carrots, and broccoli provide suitable food, as do flaxseed and psyllium husks. Variety is key: 30 different plant foods per week is a good guideline. Regular exercise and sufficient sleep have also been associated with a more stable microbiota.

Frequently asked questions

Does Coprococcus affect my mood?
That cannot be said in this way. In large observational studies, Coprococcus was found less often on average in groups with lower quality of life. Such associations apply to groups, not individuals, and the direction of the relationship is unclear. If your mood is troubling you, seeking medical or psychotherapeutic assessment is the right course of action.

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Why this value appears in the report

In the Essential report, the gut–brain axis appears as an assessment because several values from your results contribute to this area: diversity, butyrate producers, mucosa-associated species, and potentially harmful microbes. The assessment summarizes how stable the environment is that supports communication between the gut and nervous system. It is an interpretation, not a statement about your mental health.

When the pattern is abnormal

An abnormal assessment means that several relevant values deviate from a stable pattern, such as few butyrate producers combined with low diversity. In research, such patterns are observed more often in people experiencing high levels of stress or disrupted sleep. This remains an observation and does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship. It may be helpful to review your diet, sleep, and recovery, and to speak with a doctor.

When the pattern is unremarkable

An unremarkable assessment means that the relevant values are within the expected range: solid diversity, sufficient butyrate producers, and no conspicuous potentially harmful microbes. This describes a gut environment that does not place additional strain on communication with the nervous system. This assessment says nothing about your mood, concentration, or mental well-being.

What keeps this axis stable

A regular routine helps keep this axis stable: set mealtimes, sufficient sleep, and exercise outdoors. A varied selection of plant fibers from vegetables, fruit, legumes, and whole grains, as well as fermented foods such as yogurt, kefir, and sauerkraut, can help. Chronic stress, too little sleep, heavy alcohol consumption, and highly processed foods can have an adverse effect.

Frequently asked questions

Can I improve my mood through my gut?
The connection between the gut and the brain is an active area of research. Studies have observed that diet, sleep, and exercise affect both the gut microbiome and well-being. This does not establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship. These findings do not replace medical or psychotherapeutic advice. If you are experiencing ongoing distress, please contact a qualified professional.

What does serotonin have to do with the gut?
A large proportion of the body’s serotonin is produced in the intestinal lining. There, it primarily regulates intestinal movement. This serotonin does not reach the brain because it cannot cross the blood–brain barrier. So the often-read phrase “the happiness hormone from the gut” is too simplistic. Research is looking at other pathways, such as the vagus nerve and short-chain fatty acids.

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Why this value appears in the report

The Essential report combines several individual values in the gut–immune axis: the integrity of the barrier, your butyrate producers, mucus-degrading species, and the proportion of harmful microbes with pro-inflammatory cell wall components. Instead of interpreting each value individually, the assessment shows whether the overall pattern appears relatively calm or relatively irritated.

When the pattern is abnormal

An unusual assessment means that several values point toward an irritated environment, such as few butyrate producers alongside increased harmful microbes. Such patterns are more commonly observed in studies with a low-fiber diet, after antibiotic use, or during prolonged stress. This does not establish inflammation in the medical sense. Persistent symptoms should be evaluated by a doctor.

When the pattern is unremarkable

An unremarkable assessment indicates a stable barrier and a microbiota that tends to calm rather than stimulate the immune system: sufficient butyrate producers, an intact mucus layer, and few harmful microbes. This is a good starting point. Symptoms may still have other causes and should be evaluated by a doctor if necessary.

What keeps this axis stable

A fiber-rich, colorful diet keeps the axis stable: oats, barley, legumes, vegetables, fruit, and nuts provide the material for butyrate. Fermented foods such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi add to the diversity. Adequate sleep, regular exercise, and little alcohol support the barrier. Highly processed foods, lots of sugar, and frequent antibiotic use without a recovery phase have unfavorable effects.

Frequently asked questions

What does an unusual gut–immune axis mean for me?
It is a summary indicator, not a medical diagnosis. Several values in your profile point in the same direction, often associated with low fiber intake or a recent course of antibiotics. The usual first step is a higher-fiber diet for several weeks. If you have symptoms such as blood in your stool, unintentional weight loss, or severe pain, they should be evaluated by a doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

The pH value is a simple measure of how well fiber utilization is working in your gut. It complements bacterial counts with a functional perspective: not just who is there, but what is actually happening. Together with butyrate production potential, it provides a well-rounded picture of your fermentation capacity.

When the level is high

A high, or more alkaline, value indicates little acid production. This is often observed with a diet low in fiber and high in protein and fat. Putrefactive processes then gain ground, and undesirable microbes find better conditions. The value may also rise after antibiotic treatment or when intestinal transit is very rapid.

When the level is low

A low, or acidic, value generally indicates active fermentation of fiber and is considered favorable. However, very low values can also indicate excessive fermentation, for example when sugar or lactose reaches the large intestine undigested. Bloating and loose stools then occur more frequently.

What influences the level

Fiber lowers the pH value: oats, barley, legumes, vegetables, berries, flaxseed, and cooled potatoes or rice containing resistant starch. Fermented foods provide acid-forming compounds. In the opposite direction, large amounts of meat, sausage, alcohol, and highly processed products have an effect. Drinking enough and eating regular meals support consistent fermentation.

Frequently asked questions

Can I measure my gut pH myself with test strips?
Test strips from the pharmacy provide only a rough indication. The pH value fluctuates throughout the day and depends heavily on what you have eaten most recently. A laboratory analysis measures it under standardized conditions and can be interpreted alongside the other values in your report. Individual measurements at home therefore reveal little about your gut environment.

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Why this value appears in the report

In the Essential report, this assessment summarizes values that collectively contribute to metabolism: the ratio of the major bacterial groups, your butyrate-production potential, fiber-degrading bacteria, and species involved in bile acid metabolism. It gives you an overview of how effectively your microbiome converts plant fibers into usable substances.

When the pattern is abnormal

An abnormal assessment means that several involved values deviate from a stable pattern, for example, few fiber-degrading bacteria alongside many species that thrive on fat and protein. Such patterns are observed more frequently in studies among people who eat a low-fiber, highly processed diet and are associated with less favorable glucose and fat metabolism. This does not constitute a diagnosis.

When the pattern is unremarkable

An unremarkable assessment suggests that your microbiome converts fiber into short-chain fatty acids effectively and that the groups involved are present in a balanced distribution. This is a favorable starting point for satiety and energy utilization. Body weight and blood values also depend on exercise, sleep, diet, medication, and genetics.

What keeps this axis stable

A fiber-rich diet with as many different plants as possible each week helps keep this axis stable: legumes, oats, barley, vegetables, berries, nuts, and seeds. Resistant starch from cooled potatoes, pasta, or rice is particularly beneficial. Regular exercise and longer overnight breaks between meals provide additional support. Sugary drinks, constant snacking, and highly processed convenience foods have unfavorable effects.

Frequently asked questions

Can I lose weight through my gut microbiome?
It’s not that simple. The gut microbiome influences how much energy is extracted from food and how satiety signals work. But it is only one factor alongside diet, exercise, sleep, medication, and genetics. A fiber-rich diet changes the microbiome within weeks and supports satiety. This does not justify promising weight loss.

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Why this value appears in the report

The enterotype provides a rough classification of your findings and often fits your dietary style. In research, the concept is now considered an oversimplification: The transitions are gradual, and depending on the evaluation method, the boundaries between the types vary. Therefore, treat the type as a guide, not a fixed classification.

What influences the level

The enterotype is influenced primarily by your diet over a longer period. Plenty of fiber from whole grains, legumes, vegetables, and fruit favors Prevotella-dominant patterns. A diet high in fat and meat shifts the balance toward Bacteroides. Short-term changes show initial effects within days; a stable shift takes weeks to months of consistent habits.

Frequently asked questions

Is one enterotype better than the other?
It is not that simple. No type is considered healthy or unhealthy on its own. The Prevotella type is observed more often with a high-fiber diet, which is generally considered beneficial. However, your diversity, the ratio of protective to potentially harmful microbes, and your butyrate production are more informative than the type.

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Why this value appears in the report

Desulfovibrio appears in the report because its proportion reveals a great deal about the balance of protein and fiber in your diet. Sulfate reducers are found more often when a lot of meat, sausages, and sulfate-containing additives are on the plate and plant fibers are lacking. The value also helps put strong-smelling flatulence into context, which many people find burdensome.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated proportion is often observed with a high-protein and simultaneously low-fiber diet. A stronger odor of intestinal gas is typical. A high value is not in itself an indication of disease, but rather suggests that sulfur metabolism is more active than fiber metabolism in the large intestine. It is worth taking a calm look at your diet over the past few weeks.

When the proportion is low

A low proportion is considered unremarkable. Desulfovibrio then remains a small minority, and the hydrogen in the large intestine is more likely to be available to butyrate-producing bacteria. A very low value has no independent disease significance and does not need to be increased. It is usually consistent with a plant-based diet rich in fiber.

What you can do

Desulfovibrio can mainly be reduced through your diet. Less red meat and sausage, and more legumes, oats, barley, flaxseed, and colorful vegetables provide fiber that other bacteria use to produce butyrate. Look out for sulfite-containing additives in dried fruit, wine, and processed foods. A high-fat, low-fiber diet and little exercise promote this bacterium.

Frequently asked questions

Why do my flatulence smell so unpleasant?
The smell usually comes from hydrogen sulfide, which sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio produce from sulfur-containing protein components. Meat, eggs, cabbage, and sulfite-containing additives provide the necessary material. If you slightly reduce your protein intake and eat more plant-based fiber, you will often notice a change after a few weeks. If the symptoms persist, it is advisable to speak with a doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

Dorea helps put gas production in your large intestine into context. Where a lot of hydrogen is produced, other groups need sufficient capacity to break it down again. In the report, the value also indicates how prominent easily fermentable sugars are in your diet.

When the proportion is high

Elevated values are observed more often with a diet high in sugar and white flour and have been linked to bloating in some studies. The association has not been consistently established. On its own, a high value is not a problem. Together with low levels of butyrate producers, it is more suggestive of an overall low-fiber diet.

When the proportion is low

Low values are considered unremarkable. Dorea is not a key bacterium whose absence creates a gap, because many other groups perform the same functions. Only if other Lachnospiraceae are also low is it worth looking at your fiber intake and any recent antibiotic use. Otherwise, you can simply note this value without concern.

What feeds it

Because Dorea mainly uses simple sugars, the focus here is less on promoting it and more on restoring balance. Choose complex carbohydrates instead of white flour and sweets: whole grains, oats, legumes, and vegetables. If bloating bothers you, it often helps to divide large portions, eat slowly, and chew thoroughly.

Frequently asked questions

Do I need to lower an elevated Dorea value?
Not directly. Dorea is part of the normal gut microbiome, and there is no established target range. Elevated values are observed particularly with a sugar-rich diet. Rather than trying to eliminate a single genus, it makes more sense to increase your intake of whole grains, vegetables, and legumes and review the trend again later.

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Why this value appears in the report

The index combines many individual values into an overview. It shows you how far your results deviate from the typical pattern, without requiring you to assess each bacterial group individually. Such shifts are frequently observed in studies among people with persistent digestive symptoms, after antibiotic use, and with an unbalanced diet.

When the level is high

A high value indicates a clear deviation from the usual pattern. This often means less diversity, fewer butyrate producers, and more potentially burdensome microbes. It is frequently observed after antibiotic therapy, with a low-fiber diet, high alcohol consumption, or prolonged stress. Whether this leads to symptoms varies from person to person.

When the level is low

A low value means your pattern is close to what is found in many people without symptoms. The groups are evenly distributed and diversity is fairly good. This does not rule out symptoms, because abdominal problems often have other causes, such as stress, enzyme deficiencies, or impaired bowel motility.

What influences the level

The strongest levers are diet and everyday habits. Plant-based variety throughout the week, along with legumes, whole grains, vegetables, nuts, and fermented foods, supports beneficial groups. Less alcohol, fewer highly processed products, regular exercise, sleep, and breaks all work in the same direction. Take antibiotics only as directed by a doctor. Expect this to take weeks to months.

Frequently asked questions

Is dysbiosis a recognized diagnosis?
No. Dysbiosis is a descriptive term from microbiome research, not an independent medical diagnosis. There is no generally binding definition of exactly where an imbalance begins. The value is useful as a guide and as a starting point for dietary changes. Persistent or severe symptoms should be evaluated by a doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value appears in the report because Eggerthella lenta shows how extensively the gut participates in the metabolism of medicines and plant compounds. Anyone who regularly takes medication gains an additional perspective here. A marked increase is also considered an indication of an environment with little fiber and a lot of animal protein.

When the proportion is elevated

Higher levels are more often observed with a protein-rich, low-fiber diet and occasionally after antibiotic treatment. Eggerthella lenta then grows into a niche left by other bacteria. In people taking digoxin, a high proportion may affect absorption of the active ingredient. Please always discuss medication-related questions with your doctor.

When the proportion is low

A low proportion is considered unremarkable. The bacterium is not an essential component of a stable flora, and a low-level detection does not need to be corrected. Other species in the gut also carry out the conversion of plant compounds. A low value is usually consistent with a high-fiber diet and good bacterial diversity.

What you can do

Eggerthella lenta can be reduced by increasing plant-based fiber: oats, barley, legumes, flaxseed, vegetables, and berries. These feed butyrate producers, which compete for the same habitat. Fermented foods such as yogurt, kefir, or sauerkraut complement this well. The bacterium is favored by a high intake of animal protein, low fiber, and repeated courses of antibiotics without a subsequent rebuilding phase.

Frequently asked questions

Can this bacterium make my medications ineffective?
Eggerthella lenta can chemically alter certain active substances in the gut; this is best documented for digoxin. This does not affect all medications, nor does it affect every person. Never stop taking anything or change a dose on your own. Take the report to your medical practice and ask whether it is relevant to your treatment.

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Why this value appears in the report

In the report, Enterobacter is a supporting finding: it rarely increases on its own and usually rises together with other enterobacteria. That is precisely what makes it useful. If the entire group is elevated, this suggests a shift in the environment. If only Enterobacter is slightly elevated, it is generally just a snapshot with little significance.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated level often appears after antibiotics, with a sugar-rich diet, or during periods of high stress. Symptoms do not necessarily occur. The result becomes meaningful only when considered together with other findings: if Klebsiella, Citrobacter, or Proteus are also elevated and butyrate producers are low, it is worth taking a closer look at the diet.

When the proportion is low

Little or no Enterobacter is a good sign and requires no further action. The genus is an occasional colonizer; its absence suggests that protective bacteria are maintaining their place on the mucous membrane. A low value is not a deficiency and does not need to be compensated for.

What you can do

Growth is favored by simple sugars, processed foods, low plant diversity, and repeated courses of antibiotics. The genus declines when competition becomes stronger: eat vegetables in several colors every day, legumes two to three times a week, whole grains instead of white flour, plus nuts and seeds. Fermented foods such as sauerkraut juice or plain yogurt introduce additional lactic acid bacteria.

Frequently asked questions

Is Enterobacter the same as enterococci?
No, the names are merely similar. Enterococci are lactic acid bacteria and are listed separately in the report. Enterobacter, on the other hand, belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family, along with E. coli and Klebsiella. The two values appear in different parts of your report and are assessed differently.

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Why this value appears in the report

Enterococci are considered indicators of the microbial environment. They increase when the balance tips, for example after antibiotics or with a very high-sugar diet. The value thus complements the picture provided by protective groups, putrefactive flora, and pH. Viewed in isolation, a single number says little; in context, it becomes much more meaningful.

When the proportion is elevated

Markedly elevated levels are often observed after antibiotic treatment because enterococci are resilient and quickly occupy spaces that have become available. High sugar intake, alcohol, and low plant-fiber intake also favor them. Some people report bloating and alternating stool consistency. The finding indicates a shifted microbial environment, not a diagnosis.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are unremarkable. Enterococci are not among the groups one would specifically want to increase, and their absence does not leave a gap. For assessment, fiber degraders, butyrate producers, and overall diversity are more important. Taking action solely because of a low enterococcal level is not customary.

What you can do

Their growth is promoted by frequent portions of sugar, alcohol, a low-fiber diet, and repeated courses of antibiotics. They can be pushed back by feeding the protective groups: a variety of vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and resistant starch from cooled potatoes. Fermented foods provide competing cultures. Regular meals and genuine breaks between meals support the transition.

Frequently asked questions

Are Enterococcus bacteria in stool dangerous?
In moderate numbers, they are part of the normal intestinal flora in many people and are considered harmless. They are mainly described as problematic when they enter wounds, the urinary tract, or the bloodstream in a hospital setting. A stool test does not reflect this situation. If you have a fever or persistent symptoms, the assessment should be left to a doctor.

Why are my Enterococcus levels so high after antibiotics?
Many Enterococcus strains are insensitive to commonly used drugs. When more sensitive neighbors disappear, more space and food remain, allowing the robust species to spread. For many people, the picture settles over weeks to months when the protective groups receive food again. A follow-up test after about three months shows the direction of change.

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Why this value appears in the report

E. coli is a good indicator of the balance in the colon. Because it reproduces quickly, its quantity is sensitive to dietary changes, antibiotics, and travel. The value shows the laboratory whether the standard flora is stable or whether the balance between protective and potentially harmful bacteria has shifted.

When the proportion is elevated

At first, an elevated value simply means that E. coli has found more space than usual. This is often observed after antibiotics, with a low-fiber diet, or following gastrointestinal infections. A single high value is no cause for concern. It only becomes interesting together with other findings in the report, such as few butyrate producers or a shifted pH level.

When the proportion is low

Very little or no E. coli is also noteworthy. In that case, the gut lacks a bacterium that consumes oxygen and regularly engages the immune system. This is often observed after prolonged antibiotic treatment or with a very one-sided diet. The population usually rebuilds itself once the diet becomes more varied.

What you can do

High amounts of sugar, white flour and alcohol give E. coli room to grow, as do little exercise and low fibre intake. It is mainly pushed back indirectly through vegetables, legumes, oats and flaxseed, which provide food for butyrate producers and slightly lower the gut pH. Fermented foods such as sauerkraut or kefir complement this well. Regular meals and sufficient sleep also provide additional stability.

Frequently asked questions

My report lists E. coli under harmful bacteria. Should I be worried?
No. The group designation in the report is a collective category, not a judgement about your health. E. coli is part of the normal gut flora in almost everyone and performs useful functions there. The amount is always assessed in relation to the other values. Discuss any abnormal results calmly with your doctor.

Is this the same E. coli that you hear about in the news?
Usually not. The name encompasses many different strains. Most of them live inconspicuously in the colon. Only individual strains are associated with foodborne infections, and a stool test looks for those specifically and separately. A normal E. coli level in a microbiome test says nothing about these special forms.

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Why this value appears in the report

This value is one of the key indicators of butyrate supply in the colon. Together with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia, this species accounts for a large share of butyrate production. Because it responds directly to the amount of starch and fibre in your diet, the value reflects your diet over the past few weeks.

When the proportion is high

High levels are considered beneficial and are often observed with a diet rich in starch and fiber. They suggest that sufficient fermentable material is reaching the colon. No upper limit at which a high level is considered detrimental is known. Symptoms cannot be inferred from a high level.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are observed after antibiotics, with a low-fiber or highly processed diet, and frequently in studies of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. If this species is absent, some butyrate production is lost, and the lining cells receive less of their preferred fuel. A low individual level is not a finding in itself.

What feeds it

This species thrives on starch. Oats, barley, whole-grain bread, legumes, and cooked then cooled potatoes, pasta, or rice provide plenty of it, including in resistant form. Green bananas and flaxseeds are good additions. Increase the amount over two to three weeks and drink enough water with it. Periods with very little fiber can cause the level to fall relatively quickly.

Frequently asked questions

Why is Eubacterium rectale called Agathobacter in some reports?
Following genetic studies, the species was reclassified and has since been called Agathobacter rectalis. Many laboratories and studies still use the old name because it is better known. In both cases, the same bacterium is meant. So if you encounter both names, you do not need to consider them separately.

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Why this value appears in the report

The level is considered one of the most informative individual findings for the butyrate supply to your intestinal lining. Because the species is sensitive to oxygen and disturbances, it is often used as an indicator of the overall condition of the gut flora. Low levels are frequently observed in studies of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.

When the proportion is high

High levels are considered beneficial and are often observed with a fiber-rich, plant-focused diet. No upper limit at which an excess is considered detrimental is known. If your level is in the upper range, this suggests that enough fermentable material is reaching the colon and that a low-oxygen environment prevails there.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are observed after antibiotics, with a low-fiber diet, after preparation for a colonoscopy, and during periods of severe stress. Studies also frequently find them in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. A low level is not a diagnosis by itself, but it is a good reason to take a closer look at your fiber intake.

What feeds it

Resistant starch is utilized particularly well: cooked and then cooled potatoes, pasta, or rice, along with legumes, green bananas, and oats. Pectin from apples, carrots, and citrus fruits is also well utilized. Use several sources of fiber in parallel and increase the amount slowly. Regular exercise and sufficient sleep are supportive, while alcohol and highly processed foods tend to work against it.

Frequently asked questions

Why is my level so low after antibiotic treatment?
This species is particularly sensitive. Antibiotics affect it severely, and because it cannot tolerate oxygen, it needs a stable gut environment afterward to regrow. For many people, this takes several weeks to months. A diet rich in fiber and resistant starch supports its return, although it cannot be guaranteed.

Can I buy Faecalibacterium as a probiotic?
Not really, so far. The bacterium dies in air within minutes, making production and storage very difficult. Research into suitable products is underway, but they are not yet widely available. The practical approach is through diet, because fibers that reach the large intestine support the existing populations.

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Why this value appears in the report

Firmicutes account for a large share of the gut microbiota in many people. Their proportion shows how strongly the group of fiber degraders and butyrate producers is represented in your gut. Together with Bacteroidetes, this provides a rough picture of the basic distribution. The value is a frame of reference, not an individual statement about a specific species.

When the proportion is high

A high proportion of the total microbiota means that Firmicutes outnumber the other groups. This is often observed with a diet low in fiber and high in fat and sugar. An association with greater energy extraction from food has been discussed, but it remains scientifically controversial. More informative than the overall proportion is which species within the group predominate.

When the proportion is low

A low proportion means that other phyla, usually Bacteroidetes, make up the larger share. On its own, this is not a warning sign. It is worth taking a closer look if the group’s known butyrate producers are also poorly represented, because your intestinal lining may then be lacking some of its preferred energy source.

What feeds it

The beneficial members of this group feed on plant fibers. Oats, barley, legumes, flaxseeds, and nuts provide plenty of them; cooked and then cooled potatoes or rice also provide resistant starch. Try to eat as many different plants as possible throughout the week. Regular meals, sufficient sleep, and exercise are supportive, while highly processed products high in sugar tend to work against you.

Frequently asked questions

Is a high proportion of Firmicutes bad?
Not necessarily. Firmicutes is a very large group containing many different species. The composition within the group matters, not simply its overall quantity. Therefore, look at the individual species in your report, especially the butyrate producers. The total proportion provides context and is not a judgment of your gut microbiota.

What does Firmicutes have to do with my weight?
An association between the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio and body weight was described in early studies. More recent research has not consistently found this pattern, and the claim is now considered controversial. Therefore, use this value as a rough indication, not as an explanation for your weight.

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Why this value appears in the report

The ratio indicates which of the two major groups predominates in your sample. Studies have linked it to dietary patterns, weight, and energy extraction from food, although the results are inconsistent. Therefore, treat the score as a rough indication and interpret it alongside diversity and butyrate production.

When the level is high

A high ratio means that Firmicutes predominate over Bacteroidetes. Older studies observed this more often in people with overweight, but newer research does not consistently find this association. A high score may simply indicate a diet rich in starch and fiber. On its own, it says little about your body weight.

When the level is low

A low ratio means that Bacteroidetes predominate. This is often observed with a protein- and fat-rich, Western-style diet, and sometimes after antibiotic treatment. A low score is neither good nor bad in itself. Diversity, butyrate-producing potential, and the proportion of potentially harmful microbes in the same test result are more informative.

What influences the level

The ratio is influenced primarily by diet. Fiber from whole grains, legumes, vegetables, and resistant starch promotes many Firmicutes groups. A diet high in protein and fat favors Bacteroidetes. Rather than aiming for a target number, it is worth focusing on plant-based variety, which benefits both groups in a balanced mix.

Frequently asked questions

Can I tell from the F/B ratio whether I will gain weight?
No. The connection between this ratio and body weight has been studied extensively, and the results are inconsistent. Some studies find an association, while others do not. Weight depends on many factors, including diet, physical activity, sleep, and predisposition. The score is one piece of the overall picture, not a prediction of what the scale will show.

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Why this value appears in the report

If you regularly experience bloating or abdominal pressure after eating, this value can help put it into context. It shows whether your gut flora is mathematically highly gas-producing or relatively calm. This gives you an indication of whether a time-limited trial of a low-FODMAP diet might be worthwhile. The value does not prove an intolerance; that requires observing your symptoms and, if necessary, consulting a doctor.

When the level is high

A high value suggests that your gut flora breaks down fermentable carbohydrates quickly and extensively. More gas is produced, which can be accompanied by bloating, audible bowel sounds, and a tight-feeling abdomen. Typical sources include fructans from wheat, onions, and garlic; galactans from legumes; lactose from dairy products; fructose from apples, pears, and honey; and polyols from stone fruit and sweeteners such as sorbitol. Only your own experience of how your stomach feels can show whether this bothers you in everyday life.

When the level is low

A low value means that, mathematically, your flora produces little gas from these carbohydrates. Symptoms after eating are then more likely to have other causes, such as eating hastily, large portions, a high-fat diet, stress, or an enzyme deficiency such as lactose intolerance. A low value is no reason to avoid FODMAP-rich foods. Onions, legumes, and wheat products provide valuable food for your bacteria, so feel free to eat plenty of them.

What influences the level

Large portions of FODMAP-rich foods, eating hastily, sweeteners such as sorbitol and xylitol, and carbonated drinks promote more fermentation. Smaller portions, thorough chewing, movement after eating, and warmth on your abdomen can have a calming effect. Importantly, a low-FODMAP diet is intended as a trial phase lasting around four to six weeks, not as a permanent diet. Afterward, you reintroduce the groups one at a time and identify your personal tolerance limit.

Frequently asked questions

Do I now have to eat a low-FODMAP diet permanently?
No, and eating that way permanently would even be unfavorable. A low-FODMAP diet is intended as a time-limited trial phase, usually lasting four to six weeks. Afterward, you reintroduce the groups one at a time. In the long term, the strict version also starves your beneficial bacteria, since many FODMAPs are dietary fiber. Diversity may decline as a result. Guidance from a nutrition professional is advisable.

Does a high FODMAP value mean that I have irritable bowel syndrome?
No. The value describes your gut flora’s tendency to ferment and is not a diagnosis. Irritable bowel syndrome is diagnosed by a doctor after other causes have been ruled out. Many people with a high value have no symptoms at all, while symptoms can also occur despite a low value. What matters is how you actually feel after eating.

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Why this value appears in the report

The level is measured because it provides an indication of the connection between the oral and intestinal flora. A high amount of oral flora in stool may indicate substantial bacterial migration, for example in cases of gum inflammation or severely reduced stomach acid. Fusobacterium nucleatum is also an active area of research, which is why many laboratories include it in their testing.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated level is observed more often in people with gum problems or pronounced dental plaque. Research has also reported that the bacterium is found more frequently in tissue samples from people with certain intestinal diseases. This observation is the subject of ongoing studies. A stool finding cannot be used to draw conclusions about an individual case.

When the proportion is low

A low level or no detection is considered unremarkable and is the usual finding. It suggests that oral bacteria are largely intercepted in the digestive tract, for example by stomach acid and a stable colonic flora. There is no reason to try to increase this value, as the bacterium has no known beneficial function in the intestines.

What you can do

Oral hygiene is the main way to keep the situation stable: brush your teeth twice a day, clean between your teeth, and attend regular dental checkups. In the intestines, fiber from oats, legumes, vegetables, and fruit supports competing flora. The spread of the bacterium is encouraged by gum inflammation, smoking, a very high-sugar diet, and persistently and severely reduced stomach acid.

Frequently asked questions

Is detecting Fusobacterium nucleatum dangerous?
A positive finding in stool is not in itself a sign of disease. In many people, the bacterium travels from the mouth to the intestines. Researchers are investigating whether heavy colonization of the intestinal lining plays a role in certain diseases. This has not been established. It is advisable to have your dental health checked and discuss the matter with your doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

The finding helps with interpreting fungal results. Because Geotrichum often comes from food, a positive result often simply reflects your diet. Only when it appears repeatedly and in larger quantities, while the protective bacterial flora is also weak, is it interpreted as a sign of an altered environment.

When the proportion is elevated

Higher levels are often found in people who eat a lot of soft and semi-hard cheeses, raw-milk products, or buttermilk. It also tends to persist temporarily more easily after antibiotics. With normal immune defenses, it is generally not associated with symptoms. A follow-up test after a few weeks with significantly less cheese often already shows a different picture.

When the proportion is low

No detection or only an isolated detection is unremarkable and is the more common finding. Geotrichum is not part of the normal gut flora, so its absence is not a deficiency and requires no action. More informative indicators of your gut environment are the protective bacterial groups, the pH value, and overall diversity.

What you can do

The most common sources are dairy products, especially soft cheeses with a white rind, raw-milk cheese, buttermilk, and quark. Anyone who wants to lower the level should reduce these foods for a few weeks and test again. For a stable environment in which fungi have little room to grow, the same basics apply: a variety of vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and little free sugar.

Frequently asked questions

Does the fungus really come from cheese?
In many cases, yes. Geotrichum candidum is used in cheesemaking and occurs in large quantities on the surface of some soft cheeses. It passes through the intestines and can then be detected in the stool without settling there. Anyone who wants to check the connection can avoid cheese for two to three weeks and repeat the test.

Do I need to do anything about it?
With normal immune defenses and no symptoms, finding it is not a reason for treatment. It is more useful to look at the overall picture: If protective bacteria are well represented and the pH value is in the lower range, this finding carries little weight. If symptoms persist or there is a known immune deficiency, interpretation should be left to a doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

Hafnia alvei is included because it belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae group and adds to the overall picture. The individual value carries little weight. It becomes relevant only when several members of this family are elevated at the same time. In that case, the pattern suggests a shift in the intestinal environment, not this one germ alone.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated level is often simply related to what you have eaten in the past few days, such as raw-milk cheese or raw fish. The germ also appears more frequently after travel. A single detection is therefore usually insignificant. If the level remains clearly elevated over several tests, speaking with a doctor is the sensible next step.

When the proportion is low

A negative result is the usual finding for Hafnia alvei. The vast majority of test results are negative, and that is exactly what is expected. A low level says nothing about the quality of your intestinal flora, because this bacterium is not normally a permanent resident anyway. No action is needed.

What you can do

The main sources of new exposure are raw and long-stored foods: raw-milk products, raw fish, and opened packages of cold cuts. Maintaining the cold chain and using leftovers promptly noticeably reduces exposure. In the intestines, the same applies as with the other Enterobacteriaceae: A dense flora nourished with fiber leaves little room for opportunistic germs. Vegetables, legumes, and whole grains are the simplest ways to help.

Frequently asked questions

Hafnia alvei is listed in my test results. How serious is it?
For most people, this is an incidental finding without consequences. The bacterium mainly comes from food and often simply passes through the intestines. If you have no symptoms, it is enough to check the level again at a later follow-up. If you have persistent digestive problems, discuss the finding with your primary care doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

Klebsiella are considered a good indicator of gaps in colonization. Because they multiply quickly as soon as space becomes available, their quantity indirectly shows how stable the protective flora currently is. Studies have also more frequently observed a higher Klebsiella load in inflammatory bowel diseases, although this cannot be used to draw conclusions about an individual case.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated value usually indicates that the standard flora currently has gaps. Common triggers include antibiotics, a very sugary diet, travel, or a previous gastrointestinal infection. Some people experience bloating as a result. The value alone is not a diagnosis, but rather a sign that the protective bacteria should be deliberately nourished again.

When the proportion is low

A low value or no detection at all is considered favorable here. Klebsiella are not part of the gut’s core population; they are more like guests. If they are absent, the protective flora has occupied the available space well. A low result requires no action or further evaluation.

What you can do

Klebsiella are promoted by sugar, white flour, soft drinks, and alcohol, as well as by anything that depletes the protective flora. They can be pushed back through competition: fiber from vegetables, berries, oats, and legumes feeds bacteria that lower the pH and occupy the available space. Fermented foods such as yogurt, kefir, and kimchi complement this. Significantly reducing sugar for several weeks often produces the clearest effect.

Frequently asked questions

Klebsiella sounds like a hospital pathogen. Is it the same thing?
The name is the same, but the situation is not. In clinics, the issue is individual antibiotic-resistant strains in patients with weakened immune systems. In a stool test, by contrast, the genus is measured as a whole, and detecting it in the gut is an everyday finding for many people. Its amount in a microbiome test cannot be used to infer the presence of a hospital pathogen.

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Why this value appears in the report

Kluyvera appears in the report because modern methods can reliably identify even rare genera. The individual value carries little weight. Its usefulness lies in completeness: only when several enterobacteria are elevated together does a pattern emerge that suggests a depleted protective flora. Kluyvera alone contributes little to this assessment.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated value is uncommon and can usually be traced to raw foods, water, or travel. In people without symptoms, such a finding is considered a snapshot. It becomes truly meaningful only if it is confirmed in a follow-up test and other values in the result are abnormal at the same time.

When the proportion is low

No detection is by far the most common result for Kluyvera and is entirely unremarkable. The genus is not part of the normal gut flora. A negative result requires no action, nor does it say anything about the overall stability of your gut flora. Diversity and protective bacteria are better indicators of that.

What you can do

Exposure occurs mainly through unwashed raw produce, water from unfamiliar sources, and food stored uncovered for a long time. Thorough washing and proper refrigeration reduce further exposure. In the gut, the same simple rule applies as for all opportunistic microbes: when protective bacteria are well nourished and densely established, little room remains. Eating vegetables, fruit, legumes, and whole grains throughout the day does exactly that.

Frequently asked questions

Kluyvera has shown up in my results. Is that a rare special case?
Rarely, yes, but not as a special case. The genus is only occasionally found in stool, usually in small amounts and without accompanying symptoms. In this case, the finding is classified as an incidental result. Monitor the value at a later check. If you have persistent digestive symptoms, discuss the finding with your primary care practice.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value shows how resilient your flora is to disruptions, such as after antibiotic therapy, while traveling, or following a gastrointestinal infection. Low colonization resistance is frequently observed in studies when undesirable microbes spread after such events. It complements diversity and butyrate production with a protective perspective.

When the level is high

A high value indicates a densely populated, well-functioning flora. The niches are occupied, the environment is slightly acidic, and foreign microbes have difficulty gaining a foothold. This is considered favorable, especially before travel or after recovering from infections. It does not provide complete protection, but the starting position is stable.

When the level is low

A low level means that there are gaps in the microbial community. This is often observed after antibiotic treatment, with low diversity, or after prolonged bouts of diarrhea. Undesirable microbes can then establish themselves more easily. Rebuilding usually takes place over several weeks with a high-fiber diet and fermented foods.

What influences the level

Diversity and food are crucial. Over the course of the week, eat many different plant-based foods, along with legumes, whole grains, and resistant starch. Fermented foods such as sauerkraut, kimchi, kefir, or plain yogurt provide live cultures. Take antibiotics only as directed by a doctor, and then consciously support the rebuilding process. Alcohol and highly processed products weaken the microbial community.

Frequently asked questions

Why do I get a gastrointestinal infection more quickly on vacation than other people?
There are many reasons for this, and the gut flora is one of them. A densely populated, diverse microbiome makes it harder for foreign microbes to establish themselves. After antibiotic treatment or with a one-sided diet, more niches are available. Care with food and drinks nevertheless remains the most important factor when traveling.

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Why this value appears in the report

The level shows how strongly the lactic-acid-producing fraction of your gut flora is represented. Because lactobacilli also come from food, it also reflects your eating habits. Together with the intestinal pH level and bifidobacteria, it provides a picture of how acidic and how stable the colon’s microbial community currently is.

When the proportion is high

Elevated levels are considered harmless and often occur in people who eat a lot of fermented foods or take probiotics. Very high numbers together with bloating and a feeling of fullness shortly after eating are occasionally associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. This cannot be determined from stool alone and should be medically evaluated.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are frequently observed after antibiotic treatment, with a diet very high in sugar or low in fiber, and during prolonged stress. Without symptoms, this is not an alarm signal, because lactobacilli make up only a small part of the overall flora. Fermented foods and greater plant diversity on your plate are good starting points.

What feeds it

Fermented foods are the direct route: plain yogurt without sugar, kefir, buttermilk, mild sauerkraut, kimchi, pickled vegetables from the refrigerated section, and sourdough bread. Make sure the products have not been heated; otherwise, the cultures are no longer alive. Vegetables, fruit, and whole grains serve as food for them. Lots of sugar and alcohol work in the opposite direction.

Frequently asked questions

Are lactobacilli useful for lactose intolerance?
Some species bring their own lactase enzyme and break down milk sugar in the product itself. That is why many people tolerate yogurt and kefir better than fresh milk. This does not make lactose intolerance disappear, but for many people it increases the amount they can consume without symptoms. Start with small portions and find what works for you.

Do I need to take probiotics permanently?
Most strains taken do not permanently colonize the gut; they move on again after a few days to several weeks. As long as you take them, they are visible in the results. For a stable native flora, your daily diet is the most important factor. Taking them in courses, for example around antibiotic treatment, is the approach most frequently studied.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value shows how large the reservoir of LPS-carrying bacteria in your gut is. Together with barrier values such as zonulin and mucin degradation, it helps determine whether this reservoir comes into contact with the immune system at all. Elevated values are frequently observed in studies involving diets high in fat and sugar.

When the level is high

A high value means that gram-negative groups are strongly represented. This is often observed with a high-fat, low-fiber diet, heavy alcohol consumption, and after antibiotic treatment. Whether this places a burden on the immune system depends mainly on how well your intestinal barrier functions. The value alone is not a warning sign.

When the level is low

A low value means that LPS-carrying bacteria play only a minor role in your sample. This is considered unremarkable. No gut can function without these groups, as they also perform important tasks and help keep the immune system practiced. A low value is therefore not a goal, but simply a calm finding.

What influences the level

Fiber and polyphenols help keep gram-negative groups in check: vegetables, legumes, whole grains, berries, olive oil, green tea, and herbs. Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as flaxseed oil, walnuts, and oily sea fish, are associated with a calmer immune state. In the other direction, high alcohol consumption, very fatty meals, and highly processed products have an adverse effect.

Frequently asked questions

Does a high LPS value mean that I have low-grade inflammation?
Not necessarily. The value only describes how many LPS-carrying bacteria are present in your sample. What matters is whether these substances can actually cross the intestinal barrier. The relationship between the gut microbiome, the barrier, and low-grade inflammation is still being researched, but it cannot be determined from a stool value alone. Blood tests and a medical assessment are also needed.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value shows whether another lactate consumer besides Anaerostipes is present in your gut. This group takes up lactic acid from fermentation and converts it into short-chain fatty acids. In the report, Megasphaera thus adds to the picture of your butyrate supply and the acidic environment in your colon.

When the proportion is high

Higher values are considered unremarkable and often occur with a fiber-rich diet containing many fermented foods. They suggest that lactic acid is processed further quickly. There is no target value because this genus varies greatly between people. More informative is how it interacts with the other butyrate producers.

When the proportion is low

Low or undetectable levels are common and are not a problem in themselves. Megasphaera is not detectable in many people, and other lactate-utilizing bacteria then perform its role. Only when Anaerostipes and other butyrate producers are also low is it worth looking at your fiber intake and any previous antibiotic use.

What feeds it

Megasphaera benefits from a combination of fiber and lactic acid bacteria. Oats, barley, legumes, and root vegetables provide fiber. Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi provide the lactic acid that these bacteria use to produce butyrate. Whether the genus becomes established depends greatly on your initial microbiota and cannot be forced.

Frequently asked questions

No Megasphaera was found in my results. Am I missing something?
No. This genus is not detectable in many people, and that is considered a normal variation. Other bacteria, such as Anaerostipes, then perform its role of converting lactic acid into short-chain fatty acids. It is therefore better to look at the overall picture of your butyrate producers than at a single genus.

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Why this value appears in the report

The level helps put bloating, a feeling of fullness, and sluggish bowel movements into context. Where a lot of methane is produced, intestinal contents often move more slowly. At the same time, its detection shows that hydrogen utilization in your colon is working. In the test report, it therefore relates to both digestion and metabolism.

When the proportion is high

Higher levels are often observed in people with slow intestinal transit and hard stools, as well as pronounced bloating. In breath tests, this appears as an elevated methane level. A connection with body weight has been discussed, but the evidence remains inconsistent. A high level alone is not a diagnosis, but one piece of the puzzle alongside your symptoms.

When the proportion is low

Low or undetectable levels are completely normal. In many people, this methane producer is barely detectable or not detectable at all because other groups take up the hydrogen, such as sulfate-reducing bacteria. If your digestion is working well, a low level has no significance. Some people with very low levels are more prone to loose stools.

What feeds it

For this microorganism, the focus is usually on restoring balance. For sluggish bowel movements, physical activity, sufficient fluid intake, and soluble fiber from psyllium husks, oats, and cooked vegetables can help. Those who experience severe bloating can temporarily reduce highly fermentable foods such as large portions of legumes and cabbage and spread portions throughout the day.

Frequently asked questions

Is Methanobrevibacter actually a bacterium?
No. Methanobrevibacter smithii is an archaeon and therefore belongs to its own domain of life, separate from bacteria. The structure of its cell envelope and its metabolism differ significantly. Because it is measured in stool together with bacteria, it usually appears in the same list in test reports.

Is a high methane level related to sluggish bowel movements?
Studies more often observe high methane production in people with slow intestinal transit and hard stools. The fact that methane slows the movement of the intestinal muscles has been well studied. Nevertheless, the level is not proof of the cause of your symptoms. Physical activity, fluid intake, and soluble fiber are the first sensible approaches.

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Why this value appears in the report

The level is of particular interest to people with histamine intolerance. Because Morganella morganii can produce histamine in the gut itself, a higher amount is discussed as a possible contribution to the overall burden. How large this contribution is in an individual case is still scientifically unclear. In addition, the level indicates how extensive protein breakdown in the large intestine currently is.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated level is often observed with a protein-rich, low-fiber diet. During such periods, people with histamine intolerance sometimes report more symptoms such as skin flushing, pressure in the head, or bloating. A definite connection cannot be established from this alone in an individual case. However, the level is a useful prompt to record diet and symptoms in parallel for a few weeks.

When the proportion is low

A low value or no detection is unremarkable and is considered favorable, especially in cases of known histamine intolerance. Morganella morganii is not part of the core gut flora, so its absence is not a deficiency. If you still have symptoms, the cause is usually elsewhere, for example in histamine-rich foods or the activity of the enzyme that breaks it down in the small intestine.

What you can do

Morganella morganii finds food in large portions of meat, sausages, and fish, especially when little plant-based food is included. Long storage and interrupted refrigeration further increase the histamine in the food itself. Smaller portions of protein, freshly purchased fish, using leftovers promptly, and more fiber from vegetables, oats, and flaxseed shift the environment in the opposite direction.

Frequently asked questions

I don’t tolerate histamine well. Does this value explain my symptoms?
It can be one contributing factor, but nothing more. Histamine intolerance is influenced by many factors: the amount in food, the activity of the enzyme that breaks it down, hormones, stress, and medications. An elevated Morganella morganii value provides an additional starting point, but does not replace a medical evaluation. A food and symptom diary usually provides the clearest clues.

Do I have to eat a low-histamine diet now?
Not automatically. A strict low-histamine diet is restrictive and should only be tried with professional guidance and for a limited time. A more sensible first step is to reduce highly matured foods, leftovers stored for a long time, and large portions of protein for a few weeks, and observe whether anything changes. After that, you can decide calmly.

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Why this value appears in the report

The mucus layer is the first line of defense for your intestinal wall. This value shows whether breakdown and regeneration are in balance. A high rate of breakdown combined with low dietary fiber intake has been linked in studies to a more permeable barrier. This means the value complements a simple species list with a functional perspective.

When the level is high

A high value means that many mucus-degrading bacteria have been detected. This is often observed with a low-fiber diet: when plant-based food is lacking, some bacteria turn to the mucus layer instead. The protective layer may then become thinner. A high value alone does not prove harm, but it should be considered together with your fiber intake.

When the level is low

A low value means that mucus breakdown is limited. This is usually considered unremarkable. However, very low values can also mean that mucus-utilizing species such as Akkermansia muciniphila are barely present. These species in particular help stimulate mucus production. A moderate level of activity is therefore considered more favorable than none at all.

What influences the level

Fiber diverts bacteria’s appetite away from the mucus layer. Vegetables, legumes, whole grains, flaxseed, berries, and resistant starch from cooled potatoes provide alternatives. Polyphenol-rich foods such as berries, green tea, and olive oil are associated with a stable mucus layer. High alcohol consumption and highly processed foods have the opposite effect.

Frequently asked questions

So, is Akkermansia good or bad for my mucus layer?
Both are involved in the answer. Akkermansia muciniphila feeds on mucins while also stimulating their production. At usual levels, it is considered beneficial for the barrier. Only when fiber is lacking for an extended period and breakdown exceeds replenishment does the layer become thinner. So the key is the balance, not the species alone.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value adds a species from a different phylogenetic group to the picture of butyrate producers. It also provides an indication of sulfur metabolism in your gut. In studies, the species is often detected in people with a stable, diverse gut microbiome and is found less frequently when inflammation is present.

When the proportion is high

High values are considered unremarkable to favorable and usually occur with a diverse, plant-focused diet. Because the species accounts for only a small proportion of the gut microbiota even at high levels, no symptoms can be inferred from this. No threshold above which a high value is considered unfavorable has been described to date.

When the proportion is low

Low or undetectable values are common and are unremarkable in themselves, as the species is present only in small amounts in many people anyway. In studies, low detection is observed more often in inflammatory bowel disease and in people with low bacterial diversity. For interpretation, it is worth looking at the other butyrate producers.

What feeds it

Variety on your plate is helpful here: legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and plenty of vegetables. Sulfur-containing vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, and onions provide compounds that this species can use. Aim for regular meals and sufficient fluids. A diet very high in fat and meat over an extended period tends to have the opposite effect.

Frequently asked questions

My Odoribacter is not detectable—is that a problem?
Usually not. In many people, this species occurs only in very small amounts and is therefore often below the detection limit of the method. The overall picture is more informative: if the other butyrate producers are well represented and diversity is good, the absence of an individual detection is of little significance.

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Why this value appears in the report

Oscillibacter is considered an indicator of a well-nourished, diverse microbiota. Because the genus thrives only when sufficient fiber is available, it reflects your diet over an extended period. In test results, it complements the picture of metabolically relevant groups, without allowing a fixed target value to be derived from it.

When the proportion is high

Higher values are usually observed with a fiber-rich, plant-focused diet and are considered unremarkable. In studies, they often occur together with high bacterial diversity. A high value alone says nothing about your weight or metabolism. It simply fits into an overall favorable picture of your microbiota.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are frequently observed with a low-fiber, highly processed diet and after antibiotics. Oscillibacter is also often low when bacterial diversity is low. On its own, this says nothing about your health. It is more an indication that little usable fiber material is reaching the large intestine.

What feeds it

Oscillibacter needs many different plant fibers. Legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, berries, cruciferous vegetables, and root vegetables provide the range this genus prefers. Olive oil and a Mediterranean-style diet have also been associated with higher levels in studies. Regular exercise fits well into the same picture.

Frequently asked questions

Does Oscillibacter make you slim?
It is not that simple. Studies find the genus more often in people with lower body weight. It is unclear whether the bacteria contribute to this or simply benefit from a high-fiber diet. The value is useful as an indication of your fiber intake, not as an explanation for your weight.

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Why this value appears in the report

Parabacteroides adds to the picture of your fiber utilization and bile acid metabolism. Because the genus uses both plant fibers and mucins, it responds quite clearly to changes in your diet. In the report, it can be interpreted well together with Bacteroides and your bacterial diversity.

When the proportion is high

Higher levels are generally considered unremarkable and are observed with a high-fiber diet. Very high proportions occasionally occur when overall diversity is low and a few genera dominate the picture. That is why it is worth looking at the surrounding context: if other beneficial groups are also well represented, a high value is not problematic.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are observed after antibiotics, with a low-fiber diet, and with low diversity. The breakdown of complex fibers is then distributed among fewer species. A single low value is no reason for concern, but rather a hint to increase the range of plant fibers on your plate.

What feeds it

Parabacteroides prefers complex, minimally processed fibers. Legumes, whole grains, mushrooms, algae, cruciferous vegetables, onions, and leeks provide suitable food, as do flaxseeds and psyllium husks. Focus on variety rather than a single fiber source, and rotate the types from week to week. Drinking enough water and eating at relaxed times also support your digestion.

Frequently asked questions

Is Parabacteroides the same as Bacteroides?
No. The two genera are related and were previously grouped together, but are now considered separate. They live in the large intestine and break down plant fibers, but differ in certain aspects of their metabolism and in how they interact with bile acids. They are therefore listed separately in your report.

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Why this value appears in the report

The total value shows whether fungi play a minor role in your sample or are present at unusually high levels. On its own, it is not very informative. Only together with the bacterial findings, the pH level, and your symptoms can it be determined whether your intestinal environment has shifted.

When the level is high

A high fungal load is often observed after antibiotic therapy, with a very high-sugar diet, or when the immune system is weakened. Symptoms such as bloating, a feeling of fullness, or cravings for sweets are reported more often in these cases, but they are nonspecific. A high value alone is not a diagnosis and should always be considered together with the rest of the findings.

When the level is low

A low level or no detection is considered unremarkable. It means that fungi play no significant role in your sample. However, because fungi are unevenly distributed in stool, a single sample may miss them. If symptoms persist, a low level does not completely rule out fungal involvement.

What influences the level

Fungi thrive on simple sugars: sweets, soft drinks, white flour, and alcohol promote their growth. A robust bacterial community inhibits them by occupying space and consuming nutrients. Vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fermented foods strengthen this competition. Take antibiotics only as directed by a doctor. If the findings are highly abnormal, they should be assessed by a medical professional.

Frequently asked questions

Do I need to start an anti-fungal diet right away?
Not on your own. Strict sugar-elimination diets lasting for months are rarely necessary and make your diet unnecessarily restrictive. It is more sensible to reduce obvious sources of sugar while strengthening your gut flora with vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. If the findings are significant and you have symptoms, it is better to discuss the results with a doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

Prevotella reveals a great deal about your dietary pattern. A notable proportion suggests a diet rich in fiber and grains, while a very low proportion points more toward a diet rich in fat and protein. In your report, the value helps classify your gut type and correctly interpret the results for the other groups.

When the proportion is high

High levels are typically observed with a plant-focused diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, and legumes. This is often associated with good fiber utilization. At the same time, some people with very high proportions report increased gas production. The scientific interpretation remains mixed because individual species are assessed differently depending on the study.

When the proportion is low

Low or undetectable levels are common in Western countries and, on their own, do not indicate a deficiency. They usually show that other fiber-degrading bacteria, such as Bacteroides, are taking over this task. If the fiber content of your diet increases consistently, Prevotella may increase. However, this does not happen reliably in everyone because the initial gut flora also plays a role.

What feeds it

Prevotella thrives on cereal fibers. Whole-grain bread, oats, barley, rye, and millet, as well as legumes, root vegetables, and fruit, provide the xylans and pectins it uses. A predominantly plant-based diet over several weeks has a stronger effect than individual foods. Whether Prevotella becomes established long term also depends on your existing gut flora.

Frequently asked questions

No Prevotella was found in my sample at all. Is that a problem?
No. In many people in Central Europe, Prevotella is barely detectable because our diet contains fewer cereal fibers than in other regions of the world. Other genera then process your fiber. More important than any single genus is ensuring that your plate contains enough overall fiber diversity.

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Why this value appears in the report

The proportion of this group is often used as an indication of the balance of the gut flora. Studies often describe a marked increase together with an altered composition. The value places the individual findings for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and related bacteria in a broader context.

When the proportion is elevated

A high proportion of the total flora is often observed in studies when the gut flora is out of balance, for example after antibiotics, gastrointestinal infections, or prolonged stress. Because these bacteria carry LPS in their cell walls, an increased proportion is associated with greater irritation of the immune system. This does not constitute a diagnosis.

When the proportion is low

A low proportion is normal and considered unremarkable. This group is part of the normal gut flora in small amounts and performs functions there, such as consuming oxygen inside the intestine. A very low or undetectable level is no cause for concern and does not need to be specifically increased.

What you can do

This group tends to grow when there is little fiber and lots of sugar, alcohol, or highly processed food on the menu. It can be reduced indirectly: Fiber from vegetables, legumes, and whole grains supports butyrate producers, whose butyrate keeps the intestinal interior low in oxygen. Regular meals, less alcohol, and a cautious approach to antibiotics also help.

Frequently asked questions

My Proteobacteria level is elevated. What does that mean?
First, this group occupies more space compared with the others. This is often observed after antibiotics, following an infection, or with a low-fiber diet, and in many cases it returns to normal on its own. Also check which individual species stand out in the results. If symptoms persist, discuss the results with a doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

The Proteus level supplements the pH value in the report. Because this bacterium releases ammonia when breaking down protein, a high level often corresponds to a more alkaline intestinal environment. Read together, the two findings show whether putrefactive processes currently predominate in the colon or whether the fiber-fermenting side has the upper hand.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated level is often observed with a diet heavily focused on meat and sausage, as well as with low fiber intake or after antibiotics. People typically report bloating with a pungent odor. As an isolated finding, the level is simply an indicator of the intestinal environment. It calls for dietary adjustment, not concern.

When the proportion is low

A low level or no detection is the desired result. Proteus is not part of the core microbiota but is a peripheral resident. When the genus is barely present, this indicates a more acidic environment and a well-populated mucosal flora. Nothing needs to be done here other than continuing as before.

What you can do

Proteus is encouraged by large portions of meat, sausage, aged cheese, and a low intake of plant foods. Slow digestion also promotes protein breakdown in the colon. This can be counteracted with more soluble fiber from oats, apples, carrots, and psyllium husks, moderate portions of protein, and sufficient water. Exercise after meals supports transit, so less undigested protein reaches the lower bowel.

Frequently asked questions

Why does my stool smell so pungent when Proteus is elevated?
The breakdown of protein produces ammonia, sulfur compounds, and amines. These are exactly the substances that the nose perceives as pungent. An association with an elevated Proteus level is often observed, but it is never the only reason. Diet, the speed of digestion, and other microorganisms also play a role.

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Why this value appears in the report

Providencia completes the Enterobacteriaceae overview in the report. Considered on its own, the result contributes little because detections are so rare. It becomes meaningful only as part of the pattern with Proteus, Klebsiella, and Morganella: If several of these protein-degrading genera increase together, this suggests a putrefactive environment in the large intestine.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated level is unusual and often fits with a high-protein diet, travel, or a period following antibiotic treatment. Symptoms do not necessarily accompany it. It is helpful to take an objective look at the other results: If the pH and other protein-degrading bacteria are also abnormal, adjusting your diet may be worthwhile. Persistent symptoms should be discussed with a doctor.

When the proportion is low

No detection is the norm for Providencia. The vast majority of results are negative because this genus does not play a permanent role in the human large intestine. A low result requires no action and, conversely, does not indicate how diverse the rest of your gut flora is.

What you can do

Providencia is encouraged by a high-protein diet combined with low fiber intake and sluggish digestion, in which food residues remain in the large intestine for a long time. You can counteract this with moderate portions of meat, more legumes, vegetables with every meal, and plenty of water. Soluble fiber from oats or psyllium husks lowers the pH and makes the environment less attractive to protein-degrading bacteria.

Frequently asked questions

I have Providencia in my report and can hardly find any information about it. Why?
Because this genus is rarely found in the intestines of healthy people and is therefore not well studied. It is included in the report for completeness, so that the Enterobacteriaceae group is represented in full. Based on current knowledge, a single finding in a small amount has no consequences. Only repeated high levels accompanied by symptoms warrant a discussion with a doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

Because Pseudomonas is normally barely present in the gut, the value is primarily an environmental indicator. A detection is often consistent with travel, tap water from unfamiliar sources, or raw foods. The genus is also considered an indicator of a more oxygen-rich gut, which may suggest a thin protective layer.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated value usually means that many microbes are currently arriving from outside or that the protective flora has gaps after antibiotic treatment. In healthy people, the finding often disappears on its own within a few weeks. If the value remains high across several tests or symptoms develop, it is advisable to speak with a doctor.

When the proportion is low

No detection or barely any detection is the normal situation and exactly what would be expected. Pseudomonas is not part of the resident population of the large intestine. Beyond that, a low value says nothing about the quality of your gut flora, since this genus is a rare visitor anyway.

What you can do

Pseudomonas gets replenished through water: stagnant bottles, water filters that are not cleaned, ice cubes of unknown origin, and unwashed raw produce. Offering less of it is the simplest measure: replace water filters regularly, rinse drinking bottles daily, and wash salad thoroughly. In the gut itself, a dense, fiber-fed flora helps because it keeps the environment low in oxygen and leaves this genus little room.

Frequently asked questions

I have Pseudomonas in my test results, but I feel fine. Is that a problem?
In people without symptoms, a single detection is usually insignificant. The genus comes from the environment and often simply passes through. Keep an eye on the result during a later check and pay attention to water hygiene in everyday life. If symptoms develop or you have a weakened immune system, discuss the finding with a doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

The finding supplements the fungal profile and shows which yeasts are present at all. Since Rhodotorula is usually introduced from the outside, a single positive result is rarely significant. It becomes interesting only when it appears repeatedly and in larger amounts while the protective bacterial flora is also weak.

When the proportion is elevated

Higher levels are occasionally seen after antibiotics or with a very sugary diet, when yeasts generally have more room to grow. More frequent contact with damp environments also plays a role. In people with normal immune defences, this is generally not associated with symptoms. If persistent symptoms nevertheless occur, they should be assessed by a doctor.

When the proportion is low

No detection is the usual and unremarkable finding. Rhodotorula has no known beneficial function in the gut, so its absence is not a deficiency and requires no action. For assessing your gut, protective groups, fibre-degrading bacteria and overall diversity matter considerably more than this finding.

What you can do

Yeast growth in general is encouraged by lots of free sugar, alcohol and a depleted bacterial flora after antibiotics. External contamination can be reduced by keeping wet areas clean and dry, changing sponges and towels regularly, and washing fruit and vegetables thoroughly. For a stable environment, a variety of vegetables, pulses, whole grains and fermented foods remain the foundation.

Frequently asked questions

Where does this yeast come from?
Rhodotorula prefers to live in damp places: in showers, around sinks, in potting soil, in water and on food. The pink-coloured coating in shower joints often comes from it or related microbes. It enters the digestive tract via the hands and food. A finding in stool therefore usually indicates an external source.

Does this finding require treatment?
With normal immune defences and no symptoms, a positive finding is not considered to require treatment. It is more usual to look at the overall picture and, if there is uncertainty, repeat the test after a few weeks. In cases of known immunodeficiency, ongoing chemotherapy or indwelling lines, any fungal finding should be assessed by a doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value shows how well butyrate production is established in your gut. Together with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Eubacterium rectale, Roseburia forms the core group responsible for this. Because it responds strongly to dietary fibre, the value is a good indicator of whether enough fermentable material is reaching the colon.

When the proportion is high

High levels are considered favorable and frequently occur with a high-fiber diet rich in whole grains and legumes. They suggest that sufficient amounts of starch and plant fibers are reaching the large intestine. Excessive levels have not been described for this genus. Symptoms cannot be inferred from a high value.

When the proportion is low

Low levels are frequently observed with a low-fiber diet, after antibiotic use, and with a highly processed diet. Studies also find them in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and metabolic abnormalities. Since this genus produces butyrate, the energy supply to your mucosal cells may be more limited when levels are low. This is not a diagnosis.

What feeds it

Roseburia likes starch and cereal fibers. Oats, barley, whole-grain rye, legumes, and cooked potatoes or rice that have been cooled again provide exactly that. Flaxseeds and psyllium husks are also utilized well. Eat many different plants throughout the week and increase your fiber intake slowly. Alcohol, a lot of sugar, and long periods without plant-based foods work against this.

Frequently asked questions

What distinguishes Roseburia from Faecalibacterium?
Both produce butyrate, but they work with different raw materials. Roseburia prefers starch and cereal fibers such as xylan, while Faecalibacterium is better suited to resistant starch and pectin. That is why the two genera complement each other well. A varied plant-based diet with grains, legumes, and fruit supports both at the same time.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value shows how well your gut breaks down resistant starch. If this specialist is missing, some of the starch remains unused and other bacteria receive less food. In your results, Ruminococcus is therefore an indication of whether the first stage of your fiber utilization is working reliably.

When the proportion is high

High values are usually observed with a diet rich in starch and fiber, for example with plenty of whole grains, legumes, and cooled potatoes. This is generally considered favorable. Some people notice temporarily more gas when levels rise very quickly because fermentation in the large intestine increases and the flora first has to adjust.

When the proportion is low

Low values are often observed with a low-fiber diet, after antibiotics, or with a highly processed diet. Resistant starch then remains partly unused, and the butyrate producers lack a supply. A low value is not a finding in itself, but an opportunity to calmly review the sources of starch on your plate.

What feeds it

Resistant starch is the main food source. You find it in cooled potatoes, pasta, and rice; legumes; green bananas; oatmeal; and whole-grain bread made with a long fermentation. Some of it remains after reheating. Start with small portions and increase them over several weeks so your flora can adapt gradually.

Frequently asked questions

Why are cooled potatoes better than freshly cooked ones?
When cooked potatoes, rice, or pasta cool, some of the starch changes structure and becomes inaccessible to your own enzymes. This resistant starch travels to the large intestine, where it serves as food for bacteria such as Ruminococcus. A potato salad from the day before therefore provides more of it than a freshly cooked side dish.

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Why this value appears in the report

Reporting it separately prevents confusion. Without this distinction, this desirable yeast would be included in the general fungal finding and cause unnecessary concern. The value also shows whether a preparation you are taking actually reaches the intestine. Together with the other items, this helps determine which part of a fungal finding is intentional.

When the proportion is elevated

A high value suggests that you are taking a corresponding preparation and that it is reaching the intestine well. This is considered desirable and not an abnormal finding. After discontinuation, the detected level decreases in many people within a few days. If your immune defenses are severely weakened or you have an indwelling catheter, taking it should be discussed with a doctor.

When the proportion is low

No detection is unremarkable if you are not taking a supplement, because this yeast is not part of the natural gut flora. If you are taking one and still find nothing, it is worth checking the dose, storage conditions, and expiration date; heat harms living cultures. A deficiency does not develop from lacking this yeast.

What you can do

It is taken in the form of appropriate products from a pharmacy or retailer, usually as a powder or capsule; it is practically not found in foods. Because it does not permanently colonize the gut, it disappears from testing shortly after the last dose. Cool, dry storage preserves the number of viable organisms. For your own flora, a varied selection of vegetables, legumes, and whole grains remains essential.

Frequently asked questions

Isn't this also a fungus that I should get rid of?
It is a fungus, but one used intentionally. Saccharomyces boulardii has been used as a probiotic for decades and has mainly been studied in connection with taking antibiotics. Its presence in the stool is expected and intentional while it is being taken. It is not assessed like a finding of Candida species.

Can I take it together with antibiotics?
As a yeast, it does not respond to antibacterial agents, which is why it is often studied alongside antibiotics. It is best to clarify with a medical or pharmaceutical professional whether and when taking it is suitable for you, especially if your immune defenses are weakened or you have indwelling lines in the hospital.

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Why this value appears in the report

The result completes the fungal profile and shows whether filamentous fungi, in addition to yeasts, are present in the stool. Because they mainly come from food and the environment, a single finding has limited significance. Repeatedly high results may be a reason to review food storage, living conditions, and tolerance of individual foods.

When the proportion is elevated

They are observed more frequently in people who eat a lot of nuts, dried fruit, blue cheese, or fruit that has been stored for longer, as well as in damp homes with visible mold. With normal immune defenses, this generally does not cause symptoms. In people with a severely weakened immune system, however, doctors monitor filamentous fungi closely; this requires medical care.

When the proportion is low

A negative finding is the usual result and indicates no abnormality. Molds are not part of the normal intestinal flora, so their absence does not represent a gap. At this point, the protective bacterial groups, diversity, and pH matter much more for assessing your intestinal health than a negative fungal finding.

What you can do

Everyday sources of spores include moldy or long-stored fruit, nuts and dried fruit, mold-ripened cheese, damp bread, potting soil, and humid rooms. Fresh food, cool and dry storage, sealed storage containers, and regular ventilation reduce exposure. For a resilient intestinal environment, a variety of vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and little free sugar remain the foundation.

Frequently asked questions

Do I have mold in my intestines?
A positive finding in stool does not prove colonization. Mold spores are ubiquitous in the air and in food and pass through the digestive tract without growing there. In people with normal immune defenses, the finding is considered transient. Repeatedly high values are more a reason to check how food is stored and the humidity in the home than a reason for antifungal treatment.

Should I avoid nuts and dried fruit?
You do not need to eliminate them entirely, as they provide valuable fiber and fats. Instead, focus on quality and storage: buy fresh products in small quantities, store them in a cool, dry, dark place, and discard nuts that taste bitter or musty. Fruit that is visibly spoiled should be thrown away completely, not just the affected part.

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Why this value appears in the report

Serratia appears in the report as one of several Enterobacteriaceae findings. On its own, the finding carries little weight because a positive result usually comes from an external source. It is useful as part of the overall pattern: if several members of this family are elevated, this suggests gaps in the protective flora that opportunistic microbes can move into.

When the proportion is elevated

A finding or elevated value can often be traced to water and the surrounding environment, for example after traveling or when a water filter has not been cleaned for a long time. In people without symptoms, an isolated finding is usually not significant. If the value remains elevated on follow-up or symptoms develop, it should be assessed by a doctor.

When the proportion is low

A negative finding is normal for Serratia and requires no further attention. The genus is not part of the gut flora but comes from the environment. Accordingly, a negative result says nothing about how well or poorly your other gut colonization is established. Other values in the report are responsible for that.

What you can do

A finding is encouraged by damp sources in everyday life: old water filters, drinking bottles that are rarely cleaned, showerheads with buildup, and unwashed raw produce. Cleaning these sources regularly is the most effective way to reduce exposure. In the gut, as with all opportunistic microorganisms, competition matters: a fiber-rich diet with vegetables, legumes, and whole grains keeps the protective flora dense and leaves little room.

Frequently asked questions

Serratia sounds alarming. Is a single finding dangerous?
For healthy people, an isolated finding in the stool is generally insignificant. The genus comes from the environment and usually leaves the gut on its own. It becomes particularly relevant in people with severely weakened immune systems or in a clinical setting. If symptoms persist, it is worth discussing them with your doctor.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value serves as an indicator of the intestinal environment. Streptococci multiply preferentially where a large amount of readily available sugar arrives and transit is sluggish. An abnormal finding is therefore less a statement about a single microorganism than an indication of how your gut is currently functioning and what regularly ends up on your plate.

When the proportion is elevated

Elevated levels are often observed with a diet high in sugar and white flour, as well as in people who experience bloating and a feeling of fullness shortly after eating. Slower transit and reduced stomach acid are also discussed in this context. The finding alone does not constitute a diagnosis; it invites you to consider your diet and symptom patterns together.

When the proportion is low

Low or undetectable values are unremarkable and require no action. Streptococci are not among the bacteria one aims to deliberately increase. If they are completely absent, this says little about the quality of your gut microbiota. More informative in that case are the protective groups, butyrate producers, and overall diversity.

What you can do

Their growth is promoted by frequent portions of sugar, soft drinks, white flour, alcohol, and constant snacking. They can be reduced by having longer intervals of four to five hours between meals, consuming less free sugar and more vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, as well as foods rich in bitter compounds such as arugula, chicory, and artichoke. Thorough chewing and eating calmly also support intestinal transit.

Frequently asked questions

Do I have a streptococcal infection if the value is elevated?
No. The stool analysis shows bacteria that are part of the normal gut microbiota, not a throat infection. The species known to cause symptoms in the throat are detected using a swab. An elevated intestinal value is interpreted as an indication of an altered gut environment. If you have a fever, pain, or persistent symptoms, the assessment should be left to a medical professional.

Do I need to take antibiotics now?
Elevated streptococci in stool, on their own, are not a reason for antibiotic treatment, and this decision should in any case be made only by a medical professional. In practice, the focus is first on the environment: less free sugar, regular meals, and greater plant diversity. A follow-up after about three months shows whether the value has changed.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value is included in the report because Sutterella provides information about the mucosa-associated microbiota. This layer is the contact zone between the intestinal contents and the immune system. A markedly elevated proportion is occasionally observed in studies in people with irritable bowel symptoms or chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, but it is not suitable as a diagnostic criterion for these conditions.

When the proportion is elevated

An elevated proportion is considered an indication of a shift in the mucosa-associated flora. Some studies find it more often in people with persistent digestive complaints, while other studies show no difference. A high value alone therefore says little. Always interpret it together with the other values in your findings.

When the proportion is low

A low proportion or no detectable presence is considered unremarkable. Sutterella has no known function that the body would otherwise lack. Mucosal protection depends more on a stable mucus layer and sufficient butyrate producers. A low value therefore requires no targeted intervention.

What you can do

The mucosa-associated flora remains stable through dietary variety: different types of vegetables, legumes, whole grains, berries, and nuts spread throughout the week. Polyphenol-rich foods such as olive oil, green tea, and dark berries support the mucus layer. A shift is promoted by fiber-poor processed foods, frequent alcohol consumption, and repeated antibiotic use without a subsequent recovery phase.

Frequently asked questions

Is Sutterella a harmful bacterium?
It is not that simple. Sutterella occurs in many people without symptoms and is considered a normal resident there. Only a marked increase causes it to be classified among the potentially harmful microorganisms, because it lives so closely to the mucous membrane. Research is inconsistent on this point. The overall picture of your findings is more informative than the individual value.

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Why this value appears in the report

The value shows how much lactic acid is produced and further processed in the gut. A high proportion may indicate abundant lactate production, for example as a result of a diet high in sugar or after intensive training. The value also helps assess the interaction between lactic acid bacteria and the downstream consumers in the large intestine.

When the proportion is elevated

Elevated values are more frequently observed in studies among endurance athletes after intense exertion. Veillonella is considered to benefit from the lactate produced in these situations. Regardless of sport, a high proportion can also indicate a diet high in sugar and rapidly digested carbohydrates. It describes a pattern, not a diagnosis.

When the proportion is low

A low proportion is considered unremarkable. Lactate is also used in the gut by other bacteria such as Anaerostipes, which produce butyrate from it. A low Veillonella reading therefore does not indicate a gap in metabolism and requires no targeted action. Diversity and sufficient fiber-degrading bacteria in the overall picture are more important.

What you can do

The balance is best maintained when lactic acid is processed quickly. Dietary fiber from oats, barley, and legumes, as well as cooled potatoes or rice, helps by feeding butyrate producers. Less sugar and fewer soft drinks reduce the lactate load. During intensive training, sufficient recovery periods and a vegetable-rich, carbohydrate-conscious diet provide support.

Frequently asked questions

I do a lot of sport—is a high value a good sign?
Veillonella is found more frequently in endurance athletes because it uses the lactate produced. Whether this improves performance is currently being studied and has not been conclusively established. A high value is therefore neither an accolade nor a warning sign. The bacterial diversity and butyrate production potential in your report are more meaningful for your everyday life.

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Why this value appears in the report

Individual bacterial values say little unless you can put them into context. This ratio combines many individual findings into an overview. It shows whether your gut flora as a whole is working more toward fermentation and mucosal support or whether putrefactive and fermentative processes are gaining ground. This gives you a simple starting point for the other values in the report.

When the level is high

A high value means that the protective groups clearly predominate. This is considered a favorable sign: fiber is utilized effectively, the mucous membrane is supplied with energy, and undesirable microbes find less space and nourishment. A high value is not a guarantee of freedom from symptoms, but it does indicate a resilient basic balance in your gut.

When the level is low

A low value indicates that harmful microbes take up a large proportion. This is often associated with a low-fiber diet, high consumption of meat and sugar, antibiotic treatment, or prolonged stress. Symptoms such as bloating or alternating bowel movements are reported more frequently in this context. The value is an indication of your gut environment, not a judgment on your health.

What influences the level

Plant diversity shifts the ratio the most: vegetables, legumes, oats, flaxseed, nuts, and fruit provide food for the protective side. Fermented foods such as sauerkraut, kefir, or plain yogurt provide live cultures. Less alcohol, fewer highly processed products, regular exercise, and sufficient sleep all have the same effect. Changes usually take several weeks.

Frequently asked questions

Does an unfavorable ratio mean that I am ill?
No. The measure describes a snapshot of your stool sample, not a diagnosis. Even people without symptoms sometimes have an unfavorable ratio, and conversely, symptoms can occur despite good values. It makes sense to consider the number together with your symptoms and the other values in the report. If symptoms persist, seeking medical evaluation is the right course of action.

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Why this value appears in the report

Because the group in the gut consists almost exclusively of Akkermansia, its proportion indicates the mucus-layer-dwelling fraction of your gut flora. Studies frequently describe it in connection with an intact gut barrier. This value therefore complements the other barrier measures in your report.

When the proportion is high

A high proportion of the total microbiota is considered beneficial for most people and is often observed with a high-fiber diet or after longer breaks between meals. Very high levels are nevertheless under discussion because these bacteria break down mucus, and a thin mucus layer with insufficient fiber intake could theoretically be disadvantageous. The evidence is inconsistent.

When the proportion is low

A low proportion is frequently observed in studies with a low-fiber diet, obesity, and metabolic abnormalities. Levels also often decline after antibiotic treatment. Because the group is closely associated with the mucus layer, a low value is interpreted as an indication of a less well-nourished intestinal barrier. A single finding is not evidence of this.

What feeds it

Foods rich in polyphenols play a major role here: blueberries, cranberries, pomegranate, dark grapes, green tea, and chocolate with a high cocoa content. Fibers from oats, flaxseed, chicory, and onions also contribute. Longer breaks between meals and regular exercise are also associated with higher levels. Sugar and highly processed foods have the opposite effect.

Frequently asked questions

Why does Verrucomicrobia consist almost entirely of Akkermansia?
The phylum is diverse in soil and bodies of water, but in the human intestine, essentially one species has become established. Akkermansia muciniphila specializes in the mucus layer and finds a niche there that other relatives do not occupy. That is why the phylum value and the individual value are usually very close in your report.

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Why this value appears in the report

The intestinal barrier separates the contents of the intestine from the body. Zonulin is one of the few values that can make this condition indirectly measurable. Elevated levels are frequently observed in studies in people with celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and after alcohol exposure. The value describes a condition, but does not identify a cause or constitute a diagnosis.

When the level is high

A high level is interpreted as an indication of a more permeable barrier. This is often observed with a low-fiber diet, high alcohol consumption, intensive endurance exercise, acute infections, and prolonged stress. Symptoms do not necessarily occur. A single elevated level does not justify self-diagnosis, but rather suggests repeating the test after a few weeks.

When the level is low

A low or unremarkable level suggests that the connections between the intestinal cells are currently functioning stably. The body cannot do without zonulin entirely, as the protein is part of normal regulation. A low level does not rule out symptoms, because abdominal problems often have causes other than barrier function.

What influences the level

Fiber and butyrate producers can help support the barrier: oats, barley, legumes, vegetables, flaxseed, and resistant starch from cooled potatoes. Polyphenols from berries, olive oil, and green tea are also associated with a stable barrier. Large amounts of alcohol, very high-fat meals, insufficient sleep, and chronic stress can be detrimental. Breaks for rest also matter here.

Frequently asked questions

Is Leaky Gut a recognized diagnosis?
Increased intestinal permeability has been described scientifically and is observed in several diseases. Leaky Gut, on the other hand, is not recognized as an independent disease and is controversially discussed in the scientific community. The zonulin level provides guidance on the current state of your barrier. If symptoms persist, medical evaluation is required.

How reliable is zonulin measurement?
Commercially available testing methods are debated in the scientific community. There are indications that the antibodies used detect related proteins in addition to zonulin. The level also fluctuates with diet, exercise, and infections. Therefore, interpret the result as guidance in the context of your other values, not as a definitive measurement.

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